Zool. Lec. Flashcards
9 Characteristics of Animals as Living Creatures
- Unique chemical composition
- Metabolism
- Growth and development
- Environmental interaction
- Genetic program
- Reproduction
- Adaption
- Organization
- Movement
It is a type of metabolism that means synthesis of molecules or builds up molecules.
Anabolism
It is a type of metabolism that means breakdown of molecules.
Catabolism
It is the basic unit of matter (consist of proton, neutron, electron).
Atom
It is the smallest fundamental unit of compounds.
Molecule
Basic unit of life.
Cell
A group of similar cells specialized to perform common function.
Tissue
It refers to functional units of an animal body made up of more than one type of tissue.
Organ
It is the association of organs that together performs an overall function
Organ system
It refers to a living creature with interdependent parts
Organism
It consist of individuals capable of interbreeding
Population
It is an interacting group of various species in a common location
Community
It is the complex of living organisms, physical environment, and interrelationships in a unit of space
Ecosystem
It is the complex of living organisms, physical environment, and interrelationships in a unit of space
Ecosystem
It is the life-supporting stratum of Earth’s surface.
Biosphere
It refers to organisms that can produce their own food.
Autotrophic
It refers to organisms that consume other organisms for food.
Heterotrophic
It is composed of only one cellular.
Unicellular
It is composed of many cells.
Multicellular
Cells do not possess nucleus.
Prokaryotic
Cells possessing nucleus.
Eukaryotic
6 steps of Scientific Method
- Identification of a problem
- Formulation of Hypothesis
- Experimentation or Data Collection
- Analysis and interpretation of results
- Conclusion
- Publication
Two paradigms guiding Zoological research:
- Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
- The Chromosomal theory of Inheritance
He classified organisms as growing and capable of reproduction.
Aristotle
He developed the system of binomial nomenclature or “Linnaean System of classification”. Simply, giving an animal a unique, 2-part latin name, the scientific name.
Carl Linneaus
It means Zoon (animal) + logos (to study).
Zoology
It refers to molecules that contain one or more carbon.
Organic molecules
It refers to molecules that do not contain carbon.
Inorganic molecules
It makes up a large portion of living organisms.
Water
Substance that liberates hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.
Acid
Substance that liberates hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution.
Base
It occurs when compounds are split into smaller pieces by the addition of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
It occurs when larger compounds are synthesized from smaller compounds.
Condensation/synthesis
A measure of the concentration of H+ in a solution that runs from 0 - 14.
pH
Molecules that prevent drastic changes in the pH of fluids.
Buffer
Function as structural elements and as a source of chemical energy.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates is composed of?
Carbon; hydrogen; oxygen
Three classes of carbohydrates:
- Monosaccharides– simple sugars 2. Disaccharides– double sugars 3. Polysaccharides– complex sugars
It is insoluble in water and provides insulation, which is known as secondary source of energy.
Lipids
These are the major fuel of animals.
Neutral fats
It is composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
Triglycerides
These are complex alcohols with fatlike properties.
Steroids
These are important components of cell membranes.
Phospholipids
It refers to large complex molecules composed of amino acids.
Proteins
It functions as structural framework, for growth and repair, as antibodies or enzymes that serve as catalysts.
Protein
It is linked by peptide bonds.
Amino acids
It refers to complex molecules with particular sequences of nitrogenous bases that encode genetic information (nucleotides).
Nucleic acids
It is known as blueprint of cells and the only molecules that can replicate themselves—with help from enzymes.
Nucleic acids
It consists of a ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases; double stranded.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
It consist of a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous bases; singlestranded.
Ribonucleic acid
Messenger RNA (mRNA) will undergo _____ to produce proteins.
Translation
____ will assist transporting amino acids to build proteins in ribosome.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
DNA will undergo ______ to produce RNA (mRNA).
Transcription
It refers to a sequence of 3 bases that encodes for a specific amino acid.
Codon
It contains protein enzymes and DNA should have been selectively favored over those with only RNA.
Protocells
He observed and coined the term “cell”.
Robert Hooke
He invented the compound microscope.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
He described the nucleus and cytoplasmic movement.
Robert Brown
They proposed the cell theory.
Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann
It states that all living organisms are composed of cells and cells come from preexisting cells.
Cell Theory
True or False
Animal cell is a eukaryotic cell.
True
The outer boundary of the cell which separates the internal metabolism of he cell from its environment.
Plasma membrane
It contains pores to allow molecules to move between nucleus & cytoplasm.
Nuclear envelope
It refers to specialized parts of certain chromosomes that carry multiple copies of the DNA used to synthesize ribosomal RNA.
Nucleoli
It refers to loosely condensed DNA & proteins. If coiled, it is called chromosomes.
Chromatin
The portion of the cell outside the nucleus, and its semifluid portion is the cytosol. This is where organelles are suspended.
Cytoplasm
The largest organelle and it contains the DNA and serves as control and information center.
Nucleus
A part that performs specific function which is membrane-bound or a compartment
Organelle
It referrs to other non-membrane bound parts.
Components
The nuclear envelope joins with a cytoplasmic membranous system.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
It is a type of ER covered with ribosomes.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
It is a type of ER that is not covered with ribosomes; where lipids and phospholipids are synthesized.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
It is where ribosomes synthesize proteins that enter the ER that will either be incorporated into the plasma membrane, exported from the cell, or they may be bound for lysosomes.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
It is a stack of membranous vesicles where storage, modification, and packaging of protein products occurs.
Golgi complex
It refers to small, membrane bound sac which contains enzymes or secretory products.
Vesicles
It contains enzymes (proteins) that can breakdown foreign material like bacteria or worn out cellular components.
Lysosomes
It refers to large sac which serve as storage site of food and other compounds.
Vacuoles
It contains enzymes that contain hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxisome
It refers to the powerhouses of cells where ATP is produced.
Mitochondria
Heterogenous group of proteins that maintain cell shape and spatial organization of organelles.
Intermediate filaments
Made up of the proteins actin and myosin and function in a cell’s ability to contract as seen in muscle cells. Actin microfilaments move molecules and organelles through the cytoplasm.
Microfilaments
Larger tubular structures composed of the protein tubulin.
Microtubules
These two are motile extensions of the cell surface.
Cilia & Flagella
Small fingerlike projections that have bundles of actin microfilaments. They serve to increase the surface area of tissue as in the intestine.
Microvilli
It forms when cell membranes of adjacent cells fuse. Function as seals.
Tight junctions
It occurs under tight junctions. Transmembrane proteins link across a small space and connect to microfilaments.
Adhesion junctions
It acts as spot welds and increases the strength of the tissue.
Desmosomes
Found at the base of cells and anchor them to connective tissue.
Hemidesmosomes
Canals between cells that provide intercellular communication.
Gap junctions
Cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, plastids are the exclusive parts of?
Plant cells
Centrioles, lysosomes, intermediate filaments, cilia, flagella are the exclusive parts of?
Animal cells
It surrounds the outside of the cell and the organelles inside it.
Membranes
It acts as a selective gatekeeper.
Plasma membrane
Cell membranes are _____; water can pass through, but not most solutes.
Selectively permeable
Two layers of phospholipids:
- Hydrophilic
- Hydrophobic
A layer of phospholipids that heads towards outside.
Hydrophilic
A type of phospholipids that tails inside.
Hydrophobic
It is embedded in the membrane function in the transport of molecules across the membrane.
Glycoproteins
The cell coat; surface carbohydrates and portions of protein and lipids.
Glycocalyx
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This tends to equalize the concentration.
Diffusion
It refers to molecules (e.g., salt) that are found in a solution.
Solutes
The diffusion of water across a selective permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Osmosis
It refers to the relative concentration of solutes in the water inside and outside the cell.
Tonicity
If the solute concentration is higher outside the cell than the inside.
Hypertonic
If the solute concentration outside and inside the cell is equal.
Isotonic
If the solute concentration is lower outside the cell than the inside.
Hypotonic
It opens or closes when a signalling molecule binds to a binding site on the transmembrane protein.
Chemically-gated channels
It opens or closes when the ionic charge across the membrane changes.
Voltage-gated channels
Sugars & amino acids must be able to enter cells, and waste products must be able to leave. These molecules cross the membrane with the help of?
Transporter proteins
Two types of transporter proteins:
- Facilitated diffusion
- Active transport
The transporter protein binds to the substrate molecule on one side of the plasma membrane then changes shape to release it on the other side.
Facilitated diffusion
It requires energy (ATP) to transport molecules in the direction opposite the concentration gradient.
Active transport
The ingestion of material by cells.
Endocytosis
It refers to cell eating—method of feeding by single-celled organisms.
Phagocytosis
It refers to small molecules or ions are enclosed in vesicles called caveolae.
Pinocytosis
It refers to method of bringing large molecules into a cell with the help of the protein clathrin.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
The membranes of a vesicle inside the cell can fuse with the plasma membrane to discharge the contents of the vesicle outside the cell.
Exocytosis
A substance may be picked up on one side of the cell, transported completely across the cell and discharged on the other side.
Transcytosis
It refers to all of the chemical processes that occur inside living cells.
Cellular metabolism
Chemical substances that speed up a reaction without affecting the products.
Catalyst
It refers to important catalysts in living organisms.
Enzymes
It refers to potential energy stored inbonds, releasedwhen bondsarebroken.
Chemical energy
It refers to reactions that require energy to proceed.
Endergonic
The most common intermediate in coupled reactions.
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
It refers to the oxidation of food molecules to obtain energy.
Cellular Respiration
It occurs if oxygen is available.
Aerobic respiration
It occurs in the absence of oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration
It refers to where food is digested to break it into smaller pieces—no energy production here.
Glycolysis
It refers to coupled reactions used to make ATP; it occurs in cytoplasm.
Glycolysis
It refers to harvests electrons and uses their energy to power ATP production; it occurs only in mitochondria.
Oxidation
This is the next stage in oxidative respiration and takes place in the mitochondria.
Krebs cycle
NADH molecules carry their electrons to the inner mitochondrial membrane where they transfer electrons to a series of membrane bound proteins, ______?
Electron transport chain
2 types of cells in an animal body:
- Somatic cells
- Sex cells
It refers to all the body cells; diploid (has 2 sets of chromosomes, 2n).
Somatic cells
It refers to the reproductive cells or gametes; haploid (has only 1 set of chromosomes, n).
Sex cells
Two phases of cell division:
- Nuclear cell division
- Mitosis and meiosis
It refers to division of the cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
Multiple nuclear divisions not accompanied by cytokinesis result in a ____?
Multinucleate cell
2 types of chromosomes:
- Autosomes
- Sex chromosomes
It refers to chromosomes which do not influence sex; present in both males and females.
Autosomes
It refers to chromosomes that carry genes determining the genetic sex of an individual.
Sex chromosomes
It is an individual’s collection of chromosomes.
Karyotype
It refers to series of nucleotide bases in a DNA that codes for a single polypeptide; the basic unit of heredity.
Gene
It refers to genetic constitution of an organism.
Genotype
It is an individual’s observable traits, physical expression of genotype.
Phenotype
Stages in Mitsosis (Somatic Cell Division):
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
Stages of Meiosis (How sex cells are formed):
- Prophase I
- Metaphase I
- Anaphase I
- Telophase I & Cytokinesis
- Prophase II
- Metaphase II
- Anaphase II
- Telophase II & Cytokinesis
Genes can be:
- Dominant
- Recessive
It refers to pogrammed cell death.
Apoptosis
It occurs in somatic cells and is for growth and repair.
Mitosis
It occurs in sex cells/gametes and is for sexual reproduction.
Meiosis
DNA (genes) ➡️ RNA ➡️ Protein ➡️ Trait
DNA (genes) ➡️ RNA ➡️ Protein ➡️ Trait
It refers to group of similar cells specialized for the performance of a common function.
Tissues
It refers to undifferentiated cells.
Stem cells
4 major types of animal tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
It covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body.
Epithelial Tissue/Epithelium
It refers to an epithelial tissue wherein the tissue is single-layered.
Simple
It refers to an epithelial tissue wherein the tissue has many layers.
Stratified
It is an epithelial tissue that has scale-shaped cells.
Squamous
It is an epithelial tissue that is box/cube-shaped cells.
Cuboidal
It is an epithelial tissue that is column-shaped cells.
Columnar
It is a single layer of tightly packed, flattened cells; can be found in air sacs of the lungs; allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration.
Simple squamous epithelium
It consists of a single layer of elongated cells; can be found in the lining of digestive tract; absorbtion and enzyme secretion.
Simple columnar epithelium
It consists of single layer of tightly-packed cube cells; can be found in kidney tubules; secretion and absorption.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
It consists of many layers of cells; can be found in the lining of esophagus, vagina, mouth; protects underlying tissues in areas subject the abrasion.
Stratified squamous epithelium
The tuft of cilia is located at the top of each columnar cell except for gobletcells; located at lines bronchi; propel mucus or reproductive cells by ciliaryaction.
Pseudostratified cilated columnar epithelium
These are tissues that are able to change their shape due to the need of the body. They can be squamous, which eventually turns to columnar etc.
Transitional epithelial tissues
It is the most abundant tissues in the body; connects the whole body and mainly binds and supports other tissues.
Connective tissues
Connective tissues contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an ______?
Extracellular matrix
Three types of connective tissue fiber; all made of protein:
- Collagenous fibers - strength & flexibility
- Elastic fibers - stretch and snap back to their original length
- Reticular fibers - join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
In vertebrates, the fibers and foundation combine to form six major types of connective tissue:
- Loose connective tissue - binds epithelia to underlying tissues; holds organs in place
- Cartilage - strong & flexible support material
- Fibrous connective tissue - found in tendons; attach to muscles & bones, ligaments; connects bones & joints.
- Adipose tissue - stores fat for insulation and fuel
- Blood - composed of blood cells; cell pragments in blood plasma
- Bone - mineralized and forms the skeleton
Three types of adipocytes present in adipose tissue:
- White adipocytes - main cells of white adipose tissue
- Brown adipocytes - chief cells of brown adipose tissue
- Beige adipocytes - found dispersed within white fat tissue; sometimes generate heat
Three types of cartilage:
- Hyaline cartilage - support and movement
- Fibro-cartilage - absorbs compression shock
- Elastic cartilage - maintains shape and flexibility.
Three types of bone cells:
- Osteoblasts - making bone for growth & remodelling
- Osteocytes - assist in maintenance of bone
- Osteoclasts - breaking down bone for bone remodelling
Two structures of the bone:
- Osteon - central canals and surrounding bony layers found in compact bone
- Canaliculus - any of many small canals or ducts in bone
Three types of blood:
- Erythrocytes - RBC
- Leukocytes - WBC
- Thrombocytes - Platelet
It fights against pathogens and transports oxygen.
Blood
Tissues that functions for movement.
Muscle tissues
Three types of muscle tissue:
- Skeletal muscle - attached to bones; responsible for voluntary movement.
- Cardiac muscle - responsible for contraction of the heart.
- Smooth muscle - lines internal organs; responsible for involuntary body activities.
Tissues that control the body as they generally function to transmit electrical signals.
Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissues contains:
- Neurons/nerve cells - transmit nerve (electrical) impulses
- Glial cells/glia - help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
It refers to interface of the organism to its environment; it is the skin; protective outer covering of the body.
Integumentary
It refers to layers of chittin & protein.
Procuticle
It refers to moisture proofing barrier.
Epicuticle
It has a complex integument that provides protection and skeletal support.
Arthropods
Decapod crustaceans have a cuticle stiffened by ____ (deposition of calcium carbonate in the procuticle).
Calcification
In insects, hardening occurs by _____ where protein molecules bond together producing the insoluble protein sclerotin.
Sclerotization
Layer of dead, water-impervious cornified cells.
Stratum corneum
In fishes and aquatic amphibians that is continually replenished.
Thin coat of mucus
It is a stratified squamous epithelium; gives rise to hair, feathers, claws, and hooves.
Epidermis
Two main layers of skin:
- Epidermis
- Dermis
It is the connective tissue meshwork of collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers. It contains, nerves, pigment cells, fat cells, and fibroblasts; bony structures of dermal origin.
Dermis
It is found in the antlers of mammals.
Dermal bone
The dermis contains bone in the form of small placoid scales called ____.
Denticles
_____ production helps prevent bacterial and fungal infections, and it reduces friction as the fish swims.
Mucus
True or False
The epidermis also contains many mucous glands.
True
Within the dermis of some amphibians are _____ ______ that produce an unpleasant-tasting or toxic fluid that acts as a predator deterrent.
Poison glands
____ of toads seem to be specialized sensory structures, as they contain many sensory cells.
Warts
These glands secrete sweat by a process called perspiration.
Sudoriferous glands or sweat glands
Keratinized cells make up the outer skin layer,called the _____ _____.
Stratum corneum
It is connected to hair follicles in the dermis that lubricate and protect by secreting sebum.
Sebaceous (oil) glands
These are produced by the physical structure of the surface tissue which reflects certain light wavelengths and eliminates others.
Structural colors
In some mammals, certain sweat glands also produce _____; chemical that an animal secretes and that communicates with other members of the same species to elicit certain behavioral responses
Pheromone
A permeability barrier, an emollient (skin softening agent), and a protective agent against microorganisms.
Sebum
It refers to varied group of large molecules that reflect light rays producing a particular color
Pigment
Most ectothermic invertebrates have ______ with branching processes.
Chromatophores
It produces black & brown, contained in melanophores.
Melanins
Its pigments produce yellow and red colors; frequently contained in special pigment cells called xanthophores.
Carotenoid
A type of chromatophore that contains crystals of guanine instead of pigment; silvery or metallic.
Iridophores
A protein that helps form hair, nails and your skin’s outer layer (epidermis). It helps support your skin, heal wounds and keep your nails and hair healthy.
Keratin
