Expe. Psych. Flashcards
1
Q
Science of behavior.
A
Psychology
2
Q
“Scientia” - knowledge
A
Science
3
Q
Research about Psychological Processes; relying on scientific method.
A
Psychological Science
4
Q
Kind of everyday; shapes expectations and beliefs.
A
Commonsense Psychology
5
Q
They gather data in systematic and impartial way.
A
Commonsense Psychologists
6
Q
Based on readily available info.
A
Nonscientific Inference
7
Q
Too simple to be accurate.
A
Inferential Strategies
8
Q
We tend to overlook instances that might disconfirm our beliefs; seek confirmatory instances of behavior.
A
Confirmation Bias
9
Q
Predictions, guesses, and expectations tend to feel more correct than they actually are.
A
Overconfidence Bias
10
Q
Coined the Scientific Mentality
A
Alfred North Whitehead
11
Q
Data that are observable and experienced; can be verified/disapproved through investigation.
A
Gathering Empirical Data
12
Q
Principles have the generativity to apply in all situations.
A
Law
13
Q
Interim explanation
A
Theory
14
Q
Systematic, Objective, Rational
A
Good Thinking
15
Q
Also known as “Occam’s Razor”; simplicity of explanation.
A
Parsimony
16
Q
Challenging findings; contents changes when there is new scientific info.; reevaluating
A
Self Corrections
17
Q
The principle that we can never prove a statement because contradictory might be found later.
A
Principle of Modus Tollens
18
Q
Communicating results of scientific investigation.
A
Publicizing Results
19
Q
Repeating research to verify outcome.
A
Replication
20
Q
Systematic and unbiased account of observed characteristics of behaviors.
A
Description
21
Q
Knowing in advance when certain behavior would be accepted to occur.
A
Prediction
22
Q
Knowledge of conditions that reliably reproduce occurrence of behavior (true experiments).
A
Explanation
23
Q
Application of what has been learned about behavior.
A
Control
24
Q
To solve real-world problems.
A
Applied Research
25
To test theories or to explain psychological phenomena.
Basic Research
26
Systematic noting and recording of events.
Observation
27
Quantifying or assigning numerical values to objects or events or their characteristics according to general rules.
Measurement
28
Representing features of observation through numbers.
Quantitative Research
29
Describing observations through words.
Qualitative Research
30
Process undertaken to test hypothesis; establish cause-and-effect relationship.
Experimentation
31
Controlled procedure in which at least two different treatment conditions are applied to subjects.
Psychology Experiment
32
Also called "antecendents"; circumstances that occur or exist even before the event or behavior to be explained.
Independent Variable
33
Specific sets of antecedent conditions.
Treatments
34
Specific behavior that a researcher tries to explain in an experiment; measurable.
Dependent Variable
35
What principle does a successful experiment rely on?
Control
36
The type of cause-and-effect relationship established through experiment?
Temporal Relationship
37
A condition classified to have an effect.
Sufficient Conditions
38
A condition that produces greatest effect on the behavior.
Necessary Condition
39
Utilizes scientific methods to research mind and behavior.
Experimental Psychology
40
"False"; has no true scientific basis; not confirmed using scientific method
Pseudoscience
41
Assessing traits and dispositions by measuring the size and location of bumps on the skull.
Phrenology
42
Using facial features to evaluate traits, mental capacity, and skills.
Physiognomy
43
Fluids in the body flow by magnetic principles and that illness can be cured by realigning fluids through magnets, electrodes, or hands.
Mesmerism
44
Contact with ghosts and spirits of the dead.
Spiritualism
45
1st expe. psychologist; founded the first psychology lab. in Leipzig, Germany (1879); birth of psychology science
Wilhelm Wundt
46
Founded the American Psychological Association (1893)
G. Stanley Hall
47
Developed research tradition of randomized experiments in laboratories and specialized textbooks (1800s).
Charles Sanders Pierce
48
Pioneered the experimental study of memory.
Herman Ebbinghaus
49
Published the book "Elements of Physiological Psychology" (1887).
George Trumbull Ladd
50
Established world's third experimental psychology lab. at University of Pennsylvania (1887).
James McKeen Cattell
51
Published " The Principles of Psychology" (1890).
William James
52
Established the experimental psychology lab. at Wellesley College (1891).
Mary Whiton Callkins
53
Conducted the Little Albert Experiment (1920).
John B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner
54
Published the book "A History of Experimental Psychology" (1929).
Edwin Boring
55
Published Construct Validity in Psychological Tests (1995)
Lee Cronbach
56
Conducted the Bobo doll experiment (1961)
Albert Bandura
57
Practices that influence the decision-making process in terms of doing the right thing.
Ethics
58
To ensure the safety of participants, experimental researches are subject to evaluation of an _____?
Institutional Review Board
59
Determining whether any risk to individual are outweighed by potential benefits or the importance of knowledge gained.
Risk/benefit analysis
60
Stated that poorly designed research can be unethical.
Rosenthal
61
Agreement to participate after having been fully informed about the nature of the study.
Informed Consent
62
Agreement to participate of minor children subjects ages 7 and above and can be for cognitively impaired subjects regardless of age.
Informed Assent
63
Risk that is not severe; inconvenience.
Minimal risk
64
Created during the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials; the code of ethical standards for scientific research.
Nuremberg Code of 1947
65
Statement of government policy on research involving human subjects.
Belmont Report
66
Belmont Report's three principles
- Respect for persons
- Beneficence
- Justice
67
Intentional misleading of subjects or withholding the full info. about the nature of experiment to obtain accurate and unbiased results.
Deception
68
Law that protects the animals.
RA 8485 (Animal Welfare Act of 1998)
69
Evaluates animal research before it can be conducted.
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
70
Publishing false data.
Fraud
71
Representation of someone's else ideas, words, or written works as your own.
Plagiarism
72
Published by APA; set of ethical standards applied to both psychologists and students.
Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
73
5 General Principles of APA Code of Ethics
Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility
Principle C: Integrity
Principle D: Justice
Principle E: Respect for People's Right and Dignity
74
Published by PAP; presents the principles and standards that govern the norms of conduct to all registered psychologists and psychometricians in the PH.
Code of Ethics and Professional Standard for Psychology Practitioners
75
4 General Principles of PAP Code of Ethics
Principle I: Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples
Principle II: Competent Caring for the Well-Being of Persons and Peoples
Principle III: Integrity
Principle IV: Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society
76
Statement about a predicted relationship between at least two variables.
Hypothesis
77
Statement of your predictions; not about cause and effect.
Nonexperimental hypothesis
78
Main idea of experiment; states cause-and-effect relationship.
Experimental Hypothesis
79
States that a treatment has no effect.
Null Hypothesis
80
States that treatment has a significant effect.
Alternative Hypothesis
81
Process of reasoning from specific cases to more general principles.
Inductive Model
82
Process of reasoning from general principles to make predictions about specific instances.
Deductive Model
83
Tendency of finding things that are not being sought.
Serendipity
84
Reasoning without knowing; it can be used to guide us what we choose to study.
Intuition
85
Naturally formulating hypotheses about the kinds of antecedents that affects people behavior.
Causal attributions
86
Statistical reviewing procedure that uses data from many studies to summarize research findings.
Meta-analysis
87
Refers to: What is the existing problem that you wish to address? Is there a specific population involved? (PICOT Framework)
Population/Problem
88
Treatment for subjects (PICOT Framework)
Intervention
89
C in PICOT Framework
Comparison/Control
90
Refers to consequences (PICOT Framework)
Objective/Outcome
91
T in PICOT Framework; least priority
Time
92
Ensures adequacy of research design; can be conducted (FINER Framework).
Feasible
93
Engages the interest of principal investigators; attracts the attention of readers (FINER Framework).
Interesting
94
Provides diff. findings; refers to new hypotheses and study; resolves research gap (FINER Framework).
Novel
95
Complies and safeguards the principles of ethical research (FINER Framework).
Ethical
96
Generates new knowledge; contributes to the field of psychology (FINER Framework).
Relevant
97
Dimensions that researcher intentionally manipulates.
Independent Variable
98
What problem will occur if there is no random assignment?
Confounding
99
Particular behavior that we expect to change because of our experimental treatment.
Dependent Variable
100
Defines a variable in terms of observable operations, procedures, and measurements in the context of an experiment.
Operational Definition
101
Getting similar consequences in every condition we create.
Reliability
102
Agreement between measurements of the same responses from different observers; presence of raters.
Interrater Reliability
103
Comparison of scores of people who have been measured twice with the same instrument given in a reasonable interval.
Test-Retest Reliability
104
Different parts of questionnaire, test, or other instruments attain consistent results.
Interitem Reliability
105
Principle of actually studying the variables that we intend to study.
Validity
106
Providing evidence of validity of an experimental procedure.
Manipulation Check
107
It looks like it appears to measure what it tends to measure. Known to be the least stringent type of validity.
Face Validity
108
Content of our measure fairly reflect the content of the quality we are measuring.
Content Validity
109
Ability of instrument to predict future behavior or performance based on the score obtained from it.
Predictive Validity
110
Scores on a measuring device correlate with scores obtained from another method of measuring the same concept.
Concurrent Validity
111
Test results should highly correlate with scores on tests measuring the same or similar construct.
Convergent Validity
112
Test results should not highly correlate with scores on tests measuring other constructs.
Discriminant Validity
113
Factors that are not the focus of experiment but can influence the findings.
Extraneous Variables
114
A situation wherein an extraneous variable changes systematically across different conditions of an experiment.
Confounding
115
Proposed the 8 kinds of extraneous variables that can threaten the internal validity of an experiment.
Donald Campbell
116
A threat that involves outside events that happened before experimentation.
History
117
A threat referring to internal (physical or psychological) changes in subjects.
Maturation
118
A threat referring to effects on DV produced by a previous administration of the same test or another measuring instrument.
Testing
119
A threat wherein some features of the measuring experiment itself changes during experiment.
Instrumentation
120
A threat also known as regression toward the mean; scores both low and high extremes typically got closer to the mean even without treatment at all.
Statistical Regression
121
A threat that occurs when there is no random assignment.
Selection
122
A threat wherein subjects are dropping out from the experiment.
Subject Mortality
123
A threat wherein a selection threat combines with another threat.
Selection Interaction
124
PICOT Framework stands for?
- Population/Problem
- Intervention
- Comparison/Control
- Objective/Outcome
- Time
125
FINER Framework stands for?
- Feasible
- Interesting
- Novel
- Ethical
- Relevant
126
The condition in an experiment wherein the subjects receive the treatment.
Experimental Condition
127
The condition in an experiment wherein the subjects do not receive the treatment; placebo effect.
Control Condition
128
Enumerate the 8 classic threats to internal validity by Donald Campbell:
- History
- Maturation
- Testing
- Instrumentation
- Statistical Regression
- Selection
- Subject Mortality
- Selection Interaction
129
It contains on or more classic threats and potentially confounded. Hence, it is not considered a true experiment
Quasi-Experimental Study
130
4 objectives of Psychological Science
- Description
- Prediction
- Explanation
- Control
131
It means that behavior must follow a natural order; therefore it can be predicted.
The Scientific Mentality
