Zalogas Lectures Flashcards
type I pneumocytes
gas exchange
type II pneumocytes
surfactant production
stem cells
resorption atelectasis
mediastinum shifts TOWARD collapsed lung
compression atelectasis
mediastinum shifts AWAY
Pulmonary edema
-interstitial fluid in alveolar spaces -> hemosiderin laden macrophages (heart failure cells)
- HYALINE membranes in non-cardiogenic from alveolar septal injury
- also caridiogenic cause -> left side heart failure
acute respiratory distress syndrome
- HYALINE membranes from protein leakage
- damage type II pneumocytes -> fibrosis
emphysema
- PINK PUFFERS
- distal acinar affected -> upper lungs -> spont. pneumothorax (not from smoking)
- panacinar -> A1AT def. -> BASES
- centriacinar -> SMOKE -> UPPER lobes
- causes: Smoke, protease imbalance, A1AT deficiency
- BARREL chest, PURSED lips, cor pulmonale
Chronic Bronchitis
- smokers
- mucous gland and goblet cell hyperplasia -> obstruction
- blue bloaters (CO2 trapping)
- reid index >50
Asthma
- immune rxn
- REVERSIBLE
- Curschmann spirals (mucous plug)
- Charcot-Leyden crystals (eosinophils + MBP)
- type I hypersensitivity -> TH2 T cells and eosinophils
- treat w/ steroids
bronchiectasis
- DILATION of bronchioles
- caused by cystic fibrosis or kartagener syndrome
- HYPERSENSITIVITY rxn to ASPERGILLUS
- foul smelling sputum
- can lead to cor pulmonale and secondary AA amyloidosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
-aka cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis
- cyclic injury to lung -> cyclic healing
- due to smoking
- TGF-beta -> fibrosis
- lung transplant to treat
- HONEYCOMB LUNG (cystic spaces)
- fibroblastic foci
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
- noninfectious
- bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
-MASSON bodies
coal worker pneumoconiosis
- carbon dust
- anthracosis (carbon laden Macs)
- simple CWP -> centrilobular emphysema
- compl. CWP -> BLACK LUNG
silicosis
- silicon dioxide
- fibrotic nodules
- increase risk for TB and lung cancer**
asbestos
- asbesto fibers
- fibrosis of lung and pleura (plaques)
- cancer of lung and pleura (mesothelioma)
- laryngeal and ovarian neoplasms
- ASBESTOS bodies
- pleural plaques
2 drugs that can cause interstitial fibrosis
- bleomycin
- amiodorone
Sarcoidosis
- systemic non-caseating granuloma disease
- bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
-HLA-A1 and HLA-B8**
- Schaumann bodies
- ASTEROID bodies (inclusions in giant cells of granuloma)
-involve LUNGS and LYMPH NODES
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
- Non-caseating granulomatous rxn to inhaled antigens -> fibrosis
- T cell mediated (type 4) hypersensitivity
- Farmer’s lung, Pigeon breeder lung, humidifier
- involve INTERSTITIUM and BRONCHIOLES
pulmonary eosinophilia
- infiltration of eosinophils (IL-5)
- respond well to corticosteroids
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis
- collection of Langerhan cells (dendritic cells)
- for S100, CD1a, CD207
- due to smokers
- BRAF mutations -> tumor
smoking related interstitial diseases
- Desquamative interstitial pneumonia -> Macs in ALVEOLI
2. Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease -> Macs in respiratory BRONCHIOLES
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP)
- defects in GM-CSF or pulmonary Mac dysfunction -> accumulate surfactant
- treat w/ whole lung lavage
