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COM - Cardiopulmonary > Zaidi Lipids > Flashcards

Zaidi Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what enzyme catalyzes the formation of fatty acids to fatty acyl CoA?

A

fatty acyl CoA synthetase

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2
Q

what does fatty acyl CoA make?

what does this make?

A

DAG

TG, apolipoproteins, other lipids

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3
Q

what is the end result of TG synthesis in the intestine?

A

chylomicrons

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4
Q

what are 2 sources of TG synthesis in the liver?

A

Glucose via glycolysis

free glycerol

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5
Q

conversion pathway of glucose to G3P w/enzymes?

A

Glucose –> DHAP –> G3P via G3P dehydrogenase

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6
Q

enzyme that catalyzes glycerol to G3P?

A

glycerol kinase

ATP enters, ADP leaves

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7
Q

what is the net result of TG synthesis in hepatocytes?

A

VLDL

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8
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms of TG synthesis in adipocytes?

A

Glucose via GLUT4

chylomicron and VLDL to Fatty Acid

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9
Q

what enzyme catalyzes chylomicron and VLDL to fatty acid formation?

A

capillary lipoprotein lipase

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10
Q

what stimulates the formation of fatty acid?

what stimulates the transfer of glucose into the adipocytes through GLUT4?

A

insulin

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11
Q

what is the net result of TG synthesis in adipocytes?

where do they go?

A

TG

THEY DON’T leave

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12
Q

what enzyme breaks down TG into DG?

what is released?

A

hormone sensitive lipase

Fatty acid

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13
Q

what facilitates TG breakdown?

what inhibits it?

A

glucagon, Epi, Norepi

Insulin

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14
Q

DAG to monoacylglycerol is catalyzed by what enzyme?

what is released?

A

lipoprotein lipase

FA

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15
Q

monoacyl glycerol to glycerol is catalyzed by what?

what is released?

A

monoacyl glycerol lipase

Fatty acid

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16
Q

what is required to carry long chain fatty acids?

A

albumin

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17
Q

what are fatty acids broken down to?

via what process?

A

acetyl CoA

Beta-oxidation

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18
Q

what kind of fatty acids are soluble?

A

short chain (

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19
Q

what activates hormone sensitive lipase?

what activates that molecule?

A

PKA

glucagon and Epi via cAMP and GPCR signaling

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20
Q

what inactivates hormone sensitive lipase?

what activates the inhibitor?

A

protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)

insulin

21
Q

what coats lipid droplets in adipocytes and muscle cells?

A

perilipin

22
Q

what does perilipin 1 overexpression do?

what regulates it?

A

inhibits lipolysis

PKA

23
Q

what are synthetic fats (olestra) made of?

A

sucrose w/6-8 fatty acids

24
Q

describe their absorption

what do they absorb?

what do synthetic fats cause?

A

not absorbed in s.i.

Vitamins: A, D, E, K

abdominal cramps, bloating, diarrhea

25
Q

what is the function lipoproteins?

A

transport for cholesterol, TG, fat soluble vitamins

metabolism of lipids

26
Q

what is in the outer shell of lipoproteins

A

similar to phospholipid bilayer (has cholesterol, apolipoproteins)

27
Q

what is in the inner core of lipoproteins?

A

hydrophobic TGs, cholesterol esters

28
Q

what enzyme catylzes cholestero –> cholesterol ester?

A

acetyl CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)

29
Q

what are the properties of a chylomicron?

A

largest, least dense, high TG, exogenous, from dietary fats

30
Q

what do chylomicrons have?

A

ApoB-48
ApoE
ApoC-II

BEC 48

31
Q

what do VLDLs contain?

A

ApoB-100
ApoE
ApoC-II

BEC 100

32
Q

what do IDLs contain?

A

ApoB-100
Apo-E

BE 100

33
Q

what do LDLs contain?

A

ApoB-100

34
Q

what do HDLs contain?

A

ApoA-I
ApoC-II
Apo-E

ACE

35
Q

HDL properties?

A

smallest
most dense
high protein and phospholipid content

36
Q

What are the 3 main roles for Apolipoproteins?

A

structural
transport
cofactors for enzymes

37
Q

What is type I hyperlipoproteinemia?

what is the effect?

A

familial hyperchylomicronemia
deficiency in apoC-II or defective LPL

INC chylomicrons, INC TGs

38
Q

What is type II hyperlipoproteinemia?

what are the effects?

A

familial hypercholesterolemia
LDL receptor completely defective (IIa) or partially defective (IIb)

INC cholesterol, INC LDL, in IIb INC TG and VLDL

39
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of type I hyperlipoproteinemia?
what is the plasma TAG level?

treatment?

A

abdominal pain, acute pancreatitis, cutaneous eruptive xanthomas
>1000 mg/dL

low fat diet

40
Q

in type II hyperlipoproteinemia the ability to recognize what is impaired?
what are the physical symptoms?

what are cholesterol levels of hetero and homo?

A

ApoB 100 on LDL
xanthomas, arcus senilis or corneal deposits in eye, angina pectoris

hetero: 300-500, homo > 800

41
Q

Outline the steps in chylomicron processing

A

Nascent chylomicron (ApoB-48) –>(add ApoC-II and ApoE) to make mature chylomicron –> (capillary LPL) and ApoC-II leaves –> chylomicron remnant (B and E left)

42
Q

outline the steps in VLDL, IDL, and LDL processing

A

start with VLDL —> (lose ApoC-II) via capillary LPL to make: IDL —> lose ApoE via hepatic LPL to make: LDL

43
Q

where are HDLs made?

A

liver and small intestine

44
Q

outline the steps in HDL processing

A

nascent HDL –> HDL w/ApoA-1 –>(via LCAT) HDL, from there is can exchange with the other lipoproteins

45
Q

what is the rate limiting step for cholesterol biosynthesis?

what drug blocks this enzyme?

A

HMG CoA Reductase

statins

46
Q

what does HDL do that is beneficial?

antihypercholestermic drugs increase what?

how do you increase HDL levels?

A

reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues to liver

INC HDL-C

weight loss, exercise, stop smoking, drink a little

47
Q

what product to statins prevent from forming during cholesterol biosynthesis?

A

Mevalonate

48
Q

what does the lymphatic system play a role in?

what do LNs do?

A

digestive and immune functions

trap and destroy circulating cancer cells

49
Q

what are the sources of TGs?

A

dietary processed in intestine
de novo in hepatocytes
de novo in adipocytes

COM - Cardiopulmonary (12 decks)

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