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COM - Cardiopulmonary > Vascular Histology Cole > Flashcards

Vascular Histology Cole Flashcards

1
Q

how do blood vessels arise in vasculogenesis?

A

hemangioblasts, which come from blood islands

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2
Q

how do blood vessels arise in angiogenesis?

A

branches from existing vessels

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3
Q

how do major vessels form?

A

vasculogenesis

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4
Q

where does vasculogenesis begin?

where does it move to?

A

XE splanchnic mesoderm

moves into lateral plate mesoderm

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5
Q

what can hemangioblasts form?

A

angioblasts (form endothelial cells)

HSCs

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6
Q

what is involved in the signal to express VEGF?

what receptor does this upregulate?

A

HOXB5

FLK1

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7
Q

what do central cells become?

peripheral cells?

A

HSC’s

angioblasts (endothelium of blood vessels)

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8
Q

what binds to mesenchymal cells to make hemangioblasts?

A

FGF2

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9
Q

what is VEGF-R1’s receptor?

what does it make?

A

Flt1

tube (angioblasts)

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10
Q

what is VEGF-R2’s receptor?

makes what?

A

Flk1

hemangioblasts

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11
Q

what is the receptor for Ang1?

what does Ang1 do?

A

Tie2

organizes mature blood vessels

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12
Q

what does Ang2 do?

what is it used for?

A

loss of contact w/endothelial cells in ECM results in absence of growth or death in cells

Cancer Tx

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13
Q

what else is vasculature regulated by?

A

PDGF

TGF-Beta

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14
Q

what induces expression of VEGF (mesoderm) and where from?

A

Shh from notochord

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15
Q

what pathway does VEGF induce?

what does this specify?

A

Notch pathway

arterial development through ephrinB2 ligand

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16
Q

what is the gene that controls venous development?

A

EPHB4

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17
Q

what gene controls lymphatic vessel differentiation?

A

PROX1

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18
Q

where does hematopoiesis begin?

then where?

A

AGM
liver (mo 2-7)
bone marrow after

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19
Q

what is a hemangioma

A

abnormally dense collection of capillary vessels

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20
Q

what is a port wine stain called?

phenotype?

A

naevus flammeus

superficial and deep dilated capillaries in the skin

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21
Q

what is progressive tumor development dependent on?

A

angiogenesis

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22
Q

which layer of the heart is lined by a mesothelium and is in contact with the parietal pericardium?

A

epicardium

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23
Q

what does the contractile part of the heart do?

A

contracts to move blood

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24
Q

what does the myoendocrine do?

A

produce atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

25
Q

what does the Nodal part do?

A

regulates contraction of the heart

26
Q

what does ANF do?

A

stimulates diuresis and excretion of Na+ in urine by INC GFR and reducing blood volume

27
Q

what is the Vasa Vasorum

A

tunica externa

28
Q

what is the tunica externa made of?

A

loose CT with elastic and collagen fibers

29
Q

what is the tunica media made of?

A

circularly arranged smooth m. cells

30
Q

what is the tunica intima made of?

A

internal elastic layer, endothelium and subendothelial layer

31
Q

what are the 2 major characteristics of large elastic arteries?

A

receive blood from the heart under high pressure

keep blood circulating continuously while the heart is pumping intermittently

32
Q

when do large elastic arteries distend?

A

during systole

33
Q

where are large amounts of fenestrated elastic sheaths found?

A

tunica media

34
Q

what is the terminal arteriole called?

A

metarteriole

35
Q

what are some medium sized arteries?

A

axillary, radial, mesenteric, popliteal, intercostal, tibial, splenic

ARM PITS

36
Q

what are the major determinants of systemic blood pressure?

A

arterioles

37
Q

what constitutes a microvascular bed of a tissue?

A

capillaries, arterioles, post capillary venules

38
Q

where does continuous blood flow occur?

A

preferential/thoroughfare channels

39
Q

where does intermittent blood flow occur?

A

true (small) capillaries

40
Q

what is the functional unit of the cardiovascular system?

A

capillaries

41
Q

what do the capillaries contain?

A

tunica intima w/basement membrane and endothelium only

42
Q

what are continuous capillaries lined by?

A

endothelium w/tight junctions and a basal lamina w/pericytes

43
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries located?

A

GI and Kidney

44
Q

where are sinusoidal capillaries located?

A

liver and spleen

45
Q

what is the preferred site of migration of blood cells into tissues?

what is this called?

A

postcapillary venules

diapedesis

46
Q

where are there no lymphatic capillaries?

A

cartilage, bone, epithelia, CNS, placenta

47
Q

lymphatic drainage by intrinsic contraction involves what?

A

vessels expand, smooth m. of the wall contracts, automatic pump called lymphangions

48
Q

how does extrinsic contraction operate?

A

external factors ie. contraction of the surrounding m., arterial pulsations, compression of tissues by forces outside the body cause pumping

49
Q

what is edema?

A

impaired lymph drainage, excess fluid in tissue spaces

50
Q

what is parasitic infection of lymphatic vessels by Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi worms that causes chronic lymphedema of legs and genitals?

A

Filariasis (elephantiasis)

51
Q

what is a defect in the transport of lymph bc of abnormal vessel development or damaged lymphatic vessels called?

A

lymphedema

52
Q

what is caused by the accumulation of high fat fluid/chyle in abdomen

A

chylous ascites / chylothorax

53
Q

what do NO and Prostacyclin do?

A

relax smooth m.

54
Q

what does prostacyclin do individually?

A

prevents platelet adhesion and clumping

55
Q

what is a very potent vasoconstrictor peptide?

A

Endothelin 1

56
Q

what has the greatest permeability to leukocytes?

A

postcapillary venules

57
Q

which endothelial cells are more permeable?

A

those at the venous end than arterial end

58
Q

what does atherosclerosis correlate with a high level of?

A

LDL

59
Q

what is bigger, capillaries or arterioles?

capillaries or veins?

A

arterioles

veins

COM - Cardiopulmonary (12 decks)

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