Vascular Histology Cole

Question 1

how do blood vessels arise in vasculogenesis?

Answer 1

hemangioblasts, which come from blood islands

Question 2

how do blood vessels arise in angiogenesis?

Answer 2

branches from existing vessels

Question 3

how do major vessels form?

Answer 3

vasculogenesis

Question 4

where does vasculogenesis begin?

where does it move to?

Answer 4

XE splanchnic mesoderm

moves into lateral plate mesoderm

Question 5

what can hemangioblasts form?

Answer 5

angioblasts (form endothelial cells)

HSCs

Question 6

what is involved in the signal to express VEGF?

what receptor does this upregulate?

Answer 6

HOXB5

FLK1

Question 7

what do central cells become?

peripheral cells?

Answer 7

HSC’s

angioblasts (endothelium of blood vessels)

Question 8

what binds to mesenchymal cells to make hemangioblasts?

Answer 8

FGF2

Question 9

what is VEGF-R1’s receptor?

what does it make?

Answer 9

Flt1

tube (angioblasts)

Question 10

what is VEGF-R2’s receptor?

makes what?

Answer 10

Flk1

hemangioblasts

Question 11

what is the receptor for Ang1?

what does Ang1 do?

Answer 11

Tie2

organizes mature blood vessels

Question 12

what does Ang2 do?

what is it used for?

Answer 12

loss of contact w/endothelial cells in ECM results in absence of growth or death in cells

Cancer Tx

Question 13

what else is vasculature regulated by?

Answer 13

PDGF

TGF-Beta

Question 14

what induces expression of VEGF (mesoderm) and where from?

Answer 14

Shh from notochord

Question 15

what pathway does VEGF induce?

what does this specify?

Answer 15

Notch pathway

arterial development through ephrinB2 ligand

Question 16

what is the gene that controls venous development?

Answer 16

EPHB4

Question 17

what gene controls lymphatic vessel differentiation?

Answer 17

PROX1

Question 18

where does hematopoiesis begin?

then where?

Answer 18

AGM
liver (mo 2-7)
bone marrow after

Question 19

what is a hemangioma

Answer 19

abnormally dense collection of capillary vessels

Question 20

what is a port wine stain called?

phenotype?

Answer 20

naevus flammeus

superficial and deep dilated capillaries in the skin

Question 21

what is progressive tumor development dependent on?

Answer 21

angiogenesis

Question 22

which layer of the heart is lined by a mesothelium and is in contact with the parietal pericardium?

Answer 22

epicardium

Question 23

what does the contractile part of the heart do?

Answer 23

contracts to move blood

Question 24

what does the myoendocrine do?

Answer 24

produce atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Question 25

what does the Nodal part do?

Answer 25

regulates contraction of the heart

Question 26

what does ANF do?

Answer 26

stimulates diuresis and excretion of Na+ in urine by INC GFR and reducing blood volume

Question 27

what is the Vasa Vasorum

Answer 27

tunica externa

Question 28

what is the tunica externa made of?

Answer 28

loose CT with elastic and collagen fibers

Question 29

what is the tunica media made of?

Answer 29

circularly arranged smooth m. cells

Question 30

what is the tunica intima made of?

Answer 30

internal elastic layer, endothelium and subendothelial layer

Question 31

what are the 2 major characteristics of large elastic arteries?

Answer 31

receive blood from the heart under high pressure keep blood circulating continuously while the heart is pumping intermittently

Question 32

when do large elastic arteries distend?

Answer 32

during systole

Question 33

where are large amounts of fenestrated elastic sheaths found?

Answer 33

tunica media

Question 34

what is the terminal arteriole called?

Answer 34

metarteriole

Question 35

what are some medium sized arteries?

Answer 35

axillary, radial, mesenteric, popliteal, intercostal, tibial, splenic ARM PITS

Question 36

what are the major determinants of systemic blood pressure?

Answer 36

arterioles

Question 37

what constitutes a microvascular bed of a tissue?

Answer 37

capillaries, arterioles, post capillary venules

Question 38

where does continuous blood flow occur?

Answer 38

preferential/thoroughfare channels

Question 39

where does intermittent blood flow occur?

Answer 39

true (small) capillaries

Question 40

what is the functional unit of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 40

capillaries

Question 41

what do the capillaries contain?

Answer 41

tunica intima w/basement membrane and endothelium only

Question 42

what are continuous capillaries lined by?

Answer 42

endothelium w/tight junctions and a basal lamina w/pericytes

Question 43

where are fenestrated capillaries located?

Answer 43

GI and Kidney

Question 44

where are sinusoidal capillaries located?

Answer 44

liver and spleen

Question 45

what is the preferred site of migration of blood cells into tissues? what is this called?

Answer 45

postcapillary venules diapedesis

Question 46

where are there no lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 46

cartilage, bone, epithelia, CNS, placenta

Question 47

lymphatic drainage by intrinsic contraction involves what?

Answer 47

vessels expand, smooth m. of the wall contracts, automatic pump called lymphangions

Question 48

how does extrinsic contraction operate?

Answer 48

external factors ie. contraction of the surrounding m., arterial pulsations, compression of tissues by forces outside the body cause pumping

Question 49

what is edema?

Answer 49

impaired lymph drainage, excess fluid in tissue spaces

Question 50

what is parasitic infection of lymphatic vessels by Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi worms that causes chronic lymphedema of legs and genitals?

Answer 50

Filariasis (elephantiasis)

Question 51

what is a defect in the transport of lymph bc of abnormal vessel development or damaged lymphatic vessels called?

Answer 51

lymphedema

Question 52

what is caused by the accumulation of high fat fluid/chyle in abdomen

Answer 52

chylous ascites / chylothorax

Question 53

what do NO and Prostacyclin do?

Answer 53

relax smooth m.

Question 54

what does prostacyclin do individually?

Answer 54

prevents platelet adhesion and clumping

Question 55

what is a very potent vasoconstrictor peptide?

Answer 55

Endothelin 1

Question 56

what has the greatest permeability to leukocytes?

Answer 56

postcapillary venules

Question 57

which endothelial cells are more permeable?

Answer 57

those at the venous end than arterial end

Question 58

what does atherosclerosis correlate with a high level of?

Answer 58

LDL

Question 59

what is bigger, capillaries or arterioles? capillaries or veins?

Answer 59

arterioles veins