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Modern History > YR2: public health breadth 2 > Flashcards

YR2: public health breadth 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the 2 main parties around the 1830s?

A

Tory Party + Whig Party

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2
Q

When was the first Public Health Act of the 20th century? (1900s) ?

A

1936

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3
Q

What was the first Public Health Act?

A

1848

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4
Q

What 2 conditions did the 1848 Public Health Act become compulsory under?

A
  • if 10% of taxpayers in the town wanted the public health reform to be applied to their area
  • if at least 23 per 1000 people in the population were dying
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5
Q

Name as many housing acts as you can off the top of your head

A

-1840s Improvement Acts
-1844 Metripolitan Building Act
- 1851 + 1853 Common Lodgings Housing Acts
- 1855 Nuisance Removal Act
- 1868 Local Government Act
- 1866 Sanitary Act
- 1868 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Act
-1875 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Improvement Act
-1919 Housing Act

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6
Q

briefly summarise the 1840s Improvements Acts

A

local authorities had power over new builds, sewerage and cellar buildings. eg: 1842 Leeds, 1844 Manchester etc

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7
Q

give 1 strength of the 1840s Improvements Acts

A

had the potential to lessen overcrowding, the spread of disease and outbreaks of cholera

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8
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1840s Improvements Acts

A

local authorities didn’t have to act on this - inconsistently enforced

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9
Q

briefly summarise the 1844 Metropolitan Building Act

A

-regulated building standards in London
-addressed fire safety, construction quality + drainage in new buildings
-required all new builds to be within 30 feet of a sewer

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10
Q

give 1 strength of the 1844 Metropolitan Building Act

A

stopped human waste being piled up in the street: potential reduction of spread of disease

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11
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1844 Metropolitan Building Act

A

lack of building inspectors meant that hundreds of new builds didn’t meet regulations - sewerage was still a public health issue.

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12
Q

briefly summarise the 1851/53 Common Lodgings Housing Acts

A

all lodging houses should be registered, and inspected by police. enforced basic health + safety standards in lodging houses

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13
Q

give 1 strength of the 1851/53 Common Lodgings Housing Acts

A

public health conditions / progress could be monitored

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14
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1851/53 Common Lodgings Housing Acts

A

act rarely enforced. useless + impact less on areas where it was not enforced

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15
Q

briefly summarise the 1855 Nuisance Removal Act

A

required local authorities to employ sanitary inspectors + gave local powers to combat nuisances like cesspools with fines and prosecution

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16
Q

give 1 strength of the 1855 Nuisance Removal Act

A

eradicating filthy habits will start to slow the spread of disease

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17
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1855 Nuisance Removal Act

A

people were unhappy with government intervention in people’s private lives

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18
Q

briefly summarise the 1858 Local Government Act

A

enabled the formation of local boards of health across England and Wales. also set out housing regulations

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19
Q

give 1 strength of the 1858 Local Government Act

A

568 towns set up local boards of health in the 10 yrs after the act

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20
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1858 Local Government Act

A

the process of the boards took a long time!

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21
Q

briefly summarise the 1866 Sanitary Act

A

made it compulsory for local authorities to improve sanitary conditions + remove public health nuisances. also placed limitations on cellar dwellings for occupation

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22
Q

give 1 strength of the 1866 Sanitary Act

A

reduced the spread of diseases

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23
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1866 Sanitary Act

A

caused more homelessness?

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24
Q

briefly summarise the 1868 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Act (Torren’s)

A

local authorities could purchase + demolish unsanitary housing, particularly in overcrowded areas. + could enforce landlords to repair unsanitary housing

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25
Q

give 1 strength of the 1868 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Act (Torren’s)

A

guaranteed better living conditions + stronger health for the public

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26
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1868 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Act (Torren’s)

A

economic disadvantage for landlords

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27
Q

briefly summarise the 1875 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Improvements Act (Cross’s)

A

expanded upon the 1868 act. local authorities could clear whole districts with unsanitary conditions. + financial incentives for slum clearance and planned sanitary housing developments

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28
Q

give 1 strength of the 1875 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Improvements Act (Cross’s)

A

large commitments + improvements to better living conditions

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29
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1875 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Improvements Act (Cross’s)

A

there was no provision for housing those who had been made homeless in the process.

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30
Q

briefly summarise the 1919 Housing Act

A

state funding for the construction of 500,000 new (council) houses within 3 years

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31
Q

give 1 strength of the 1919 Housing Act

A

council houses for low income individuals

32
Q

give 1 weakness of the 1919 Housing Act

A

long waiting list for council houses

33
Q

name 5 individuals who contributed to providing housing for the poor (1700s-1900s)

A

1) Titus Salt
2) Octavia Hill
3) Ebenezer Howard
4) William Lever
5) George Peabody

34
Q

summarise what Titus Salt did to help provide housing for the poor

A

-wealthy Bradford mill owner
-moved his factory + his workers out of a filthy, polluted environment to the purpose-built village of Saltaire.
-He built a new mill, houses, a school, a park , hospital etc for his workers.
- He laid down strict rules for his workers eg trade unions were forbidden and washing couldn’t be hung out to dry on Sundays

35
Q

summarise what Octavia Hill did to help provide housing for the poor

A
  • bought run down cottages + renovated them by ensuring they were repaired, cleaned, decorated, connected to sewers and provided with clean water.
  • she lent them at low rents to poor people
  • had more than 3000 tenants, checked on her tenants habits
36
Q

summarise what Ebenezer Howard did to help provide housing for the poor

A

-theorised that people should live in harmony with nature in towns. with plenty of space, light and fresh air, and good public health.
- started the garden city movement. supported the building of Letchworth, the first garden city

37
Q

summarise what William Lever did to help provide housing for the poor

A
  • 800 houses were built in Merseyside with allotments, a cottage hospital, schools, a concert hall, open air swimming pool and a Church.
  • Lever introduced welfare schemes + provided entertainment in a society of strict behavioural rules
38
Q

summarise what George Peabody did to help provide housing for the poor

A
  • founded the Peabody Trust with the object of providing model dwellings for the London poor.
  • the first block of 57 dwellings contained water closets, baths and laundry facilities.
  • by 1882, the Trust was housing more than 14,600 people in 3,500 dwellings
    -1939- over 8000 dwellings were housing over 33000 people
39
Q

Name 2 key individuals regarding vaccinations

A
  • Benjamin JESTY
  • Edward JENNER
40
Q

Name 2 key individuals regarding vaccinations

A
  • Benjamin JESTY
  • Edward JENNER
41
Q

What disease did Jenner + Jesty develop a vaccine for ?

A

Smallpox

42
Q

What virus is Smallpox caused by?

A

Variola virus

43
Q

Smallpox : what symptoms did it cause and was it fatal ?

A
  • contagious
  • caused fevers and progressive skin rashes. Leaves permanent scars
  • most people recovered from it but 3 in 10 people with smallpox died
44
Q

What did Jesty do to develop the smallpox vaccine ?

A
  • inoculated his wife and son with cowpox during a local smallpox outbreak
  • he used cowpox material from sores on cows, transferring it with a needle.
  • his family remained immune
45
Q

In what year did Jesty test his vaccine theory ?

A

1774

46
Q

What opposition did Jesty face?

A

-physically and verbally abused by his community.

47
Q

Why did Jesty face opposition?

A

-people thought his actions were dangerous for a farmer with no formal medical training
-people thought using an animal disease to protect humans was odd and unnatural

48
Q

What did Jenner do to develop the smallpox vaccine ?

A

-built on the work of Jesty
-innoculated a 10 year old boy with cowpox, and later exposed him to smallpox
-the boy didn’t contract smallpox

49
Q

What was the name of the boy that Jenner innoculated ?

A

James Phipps

50
Q

How did Jenner spread his discovery ?

A

Published his findings in : An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae (1798)

51
Q

When did Jenner test the smallpox vaccine theory? How long after Jesty was this?

A
  1. 22 years after Jesty.
52
Q

What groups did Jenner face opposition from? (2)

A
  • the public
  • the medical community
53
Q

Why did the medical community criticise Jenner ?

A

His actions were dangerous as he was not fully medically trained

54
Q

Why did the public criticise Jenner?

A

-seemed strange / dangerous to use an animal disease on humans
-the belief that smallpox was a divine punishment from God
-variolaters (old vaccine method) would suffer economically
-poor medical hygiene sometimes caused infections - people didnt trust it

55
Q

NAME 4 vaccination acts

A

-1840 Permissive Vaccination Act
-1853 Vaccination Act
-1871 Compulsory Vaccination Act
-1898 conscience clause
-1907 Vaccination Act

56
Q

What opposition did the government face for their vaccination legislation?

A

Public opposition to the compulsory aspects. For example, anti - vaccination societies

57
Q

Why did people oppose the government’s vaccination legislation?

A

-FEAR OF HARM: poor sanitation in procedures led to serious infections
-RELIGIOUS BELIEFS: smallpox = God’s divine punishment, so don’t stop it
-CLASS TENSIONS: working class families saw it as another way for upper classes to control their lives

58
Q

What did the 1840 permissive vaccination act do ?

A

Poor law vaccinators could vaccinate anyone free of charge. Not compulsory

59
Q

What did the 1871 compulsory vaccination act do?

A

Local health boards had to appoint vaccination officers and could fine parents 25 shillings for not having children vaccinated, or imprisonment if fines not paid

60
Q

By the end of 1898, ___________ exemption certificates had been issued after the conscience clause was introduced in

A

203,000

61
Q

Identify at least 2 duties of medical officers of health

A

-tackling infectious diseases
-regulating markets, offensive trades and slaughterhouses
-taking responsibility for water supply, sewerage, paving, food inspection etc
-being responsible for monitoring hospitals, sanitary burials + diseases

62
Q

Which act appointed the first medical officer of health? Where?

A

The Liverpool Sanitary Act 1846

63
Q

What is tuberculosis

A
  • arguably biggest killer of 1800s Britain
    -primarily affected the lungs
  • highly contagious through coughs, sneezes, spit
64
Q

What is tuberculosis often referred to as ?

A

‘Consumption’ - due to the wasting away of the body that it caused

65
Q

How did medical officers of health help reduce the spread of TB?

A

gave out leaflets about how to prevent the spread of the disease, banned spitting in public places etc

66
Q

Give at least 2 act that helped reduce the spread of tuberculosis

A

1866 Sanitary act limited use of cellar dwellings (harder to spread)
1875 Artisans + Labourers Dwelling Improvement act allowed demolition of whole slum areas
1922 Mandatory pasteurisation of milk
1934 milk act

67
Q

What was bovine tuberculosis?

A

Transmitted from infected cattle to humans (infected milk) . High in children

68
Q

When did the ministry of health order the mandatory pasteurisation of milk?

A

1922

69
Q

What was the 1934 Milk Act? How many schoolchildren did this affect by 1937?

A

Free / subsidised milk became available to children in school. By 1937 3.2 million schoolchildren were receiving free milk

70
Q

What was SANATORIA?

A

Specialised facilities for the long term treatment of TB patients. Rest, fresh air and good nutrition

71
Q

Compare the number of sanatoria across Britain in 1911 and 1930

A

1911: 84 sanatoria
1930: 500 sanatoria

72
Q

Name 2 childrens acts

A

1) Education Act (Provision of meals) 1906
2) 1907 Education Act
3) 1908 Children and Young Persons Act

73
Q

Who were free school meals given to from the Education Act 1906??

A

Provided to schoolchildren whose parents were on very low incomes and / or living in poverty

74
Q

What did the 1907 Education Act introduce?

A

-new school medical service set up overseen by board of education
-local authorities responsible for setting up school clinics
- clinics could vaccinate

75
Q

What changes did the 1908 Children and Young Persons Act bring?

A

-children made protected persons, could prosecute parents for neglect / cruelty
-childrens homes inspected
-cigarettes not sold to under 16s
-under 14s not allowed in pubs
-juvenile courts + prisons set up for youth offenders

Modern History (6 decks)

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