ITALY- definitions / short answers Flashcards
1
Q
Define Risorgimento
A
unification of Italy
2
Q
When did Italy unify
A
1870
3
Q
Define trasformismo
A
Political skill of deal - making
4
Q
What countries were named the ‘Industrial Triangle’ in Italy
A
Milan, Turin, Genova
5
Q
What country did Giolitti invade and find failure?
A
Libya
6
Q
What groups were Giolitti’s main obstacles to tackle as prime minister 1900-1914
A
The Socialists, Nationalists , and Catholic Church
7
Q
What political party represented the Italian socialists?
A
PSI led by Turati
8
Q
What political party represented the Italian Nationalists
A
ANI led by Corradini
9
Q
Who was Prime Minister after Giolitti resigned in 1914?
A
Antonio Salandra
10
Q
What year did Italy join WW1 and who’s side were they on?
A
1915 —> fought with Britain, France, Russia
11
Q
What location did Italy fight WW1
A
The Alps - snowy mountains
12
Q
Which battle of WW1 showed huge Italian defeat?
A
1917 Battle of Caporetto
13
Q
Which battle of WW1 showed huge Italian victory?
A
1918 Battle of Vittoria Veneto
14
Q
What is Italian Irredenta?
A
Territory that Italy felt belonged to them. Eg Fiume
15
Q
What was the concept of ‘mutilated victory’?
A
People were dissatisfied with Italian territory gains at the end of WW1
16
Q
What did D’Annunizio do September 1919?
A
led former soldiers to invade Fiume (land owned by Yugoslavia)
17
Q
What is Biennio Rosso?
A
The 2 Red Years: 1919 & 1920
near communist takeover
18
Q
What was Bienno Nero?
A
Two black years ; 1920-1921
Fascists destory all ‘opposition’
19
Q
What did the PPI (Italian popular party) represent?
A
Catholic party
20
Q
What fascist group did Mussolini first create?
A
FASCI DI COMBATTIMENTO
21
Q
What was Mussolini’s dual strategy / suits & boots?
A
1) Enter political system legally as respectable politicians
2) Use violence + intimidation when necessary
22
Q
What was the squadrismo?
A
rural fascist squads
23
Q
What was the federterra?
A
trade unions for peasants in south Italy (countryside)
24
Q
when exactly did Mussolini become Prime Minister?
A
October 30th 1922
25
How many fascists did Mussolini have in his first cabinet?
3
26
When was the March on Rome
October 28th 1922
27
how many people died at the march / was exaggerated ?
a dozen died. fascists said 3000 died.
28
What was the General Strike July 1922?
-socialists call a general strike
-fascists use this as an excuse to attack socialists: burn down avanti offices
-mussolini took credit for breaking the strike
-governement looked weak compared to fascists
29
What was the Pact of Pacification 1921?
-Mussolini called for an end to squadristi violence + tried to assert his control over the RAS
- the 3 RAS bosses rejected this, Muss resigned from the party august 1921
-they ended up wanting him back soon after, he dominated!
30
What was the Acerbo Law? (1923)
changed voting threshold: party that gains over 25% of the vote is granted 2/3 majority of seats
(undemocratic, disproportionate)
31
Who was Matteotti and what did he do?
socialist MP. he rose in parliament may 1924 to oppose Mussolini. he predicted he would be soon be killed after his speech. month later he was kidnapped & killed
32
Who was Mussolini's first minister of economics?
Alberto De'Stefani
33
What personal political change did Mussolini make on Xmas Eve 1925?
formally changed his title from President of Council of Ministers to Head of Government.
now dictator, only responsible to King
34
Name 2 people who tried to assassinate Mussolini
-Michelle Schurru
-Zamboni (SOCIALIST MP)
35
How did Mussolini use Zamboni's attempt to tighten his political grip?
-established many new fascist laws
-set up secret police (OVRA)
-imprisoned political opponents
36
What was the Lateran Treaty with Pope Pius XI ?
-it compensated for land lost when unifying Italy 1870 (1750 lira)
-Church exempt from tax
-catholicism named only state religion
-Vatican city formed gave pope political authority
-support for fascism grew to 90% from Catholics, as the Pope withdrew support for the PPI)
37
What was the Vanderbilt affair?
Mussolini ran over a 3 year old child. He took no responsibility, covered it up.
38
define confino
sending political opponents to exile (islands)
39
what did the Special Reserve Service do?
listened to phone calls / examined mail
40
What were the OVRA? (1927)
Italian Secret Police
-spied on Italians to stomp out antifascists
-5000 informers in businesses, universities etc
-headed by BOCCHINI
41
What was the Manifesto of Race (1938) ?
-Jews were stripped of Italian citizenship
-banned from government / professional jobs
-Italian Jews who served in WW1 were exempt
-9000 Italian Jews were sent to Nazi death camps
42
Describe the Pact of Pacification 1921
-Mussolini called for an end to squadristi violence + tried to assert his control over the RAS
-The 3 RAS bosses rejected this, Mussolini resigned from the party august 1921
-they soon ended up welcoming him back as leader.
43
what is corporativism?
‘Corporations’ were fascist representatives who ‘mediated’ between workers and bosses’ disagreements. they usually tended to side with the bosses.
44
What sporting success did Italy enjoy in the 1930s?
Held 1934 world cup in Italy - they won
Retained the trophy again in 1938
Italian boxer Carnera won heavyweight championship 1933
45
What was the Dopolvaro (OND) ?
organisation hoping to provide for the ‘healthy & profitable occupation of the workers’ leisure hours’. by means such as cheap holidays, libraries, lectures, entertainment etc
46
What is meant by fascistisation?
Imposing fascist principles all throughout education. like the removal of teachers critical of fascist principles
47
What were the 3 key values of fascist education?
Teach the young virtues like manliness, patriotism, and obedience
48
what did Antonio Gramsci say relating to the risorgimento?
‘They produced a bastard’
49
Summarise the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911
-invasion was initially successful but Italian army got bogged down by Libyan Resistance
-50k troops committed with 3500 deaths
-italy was joining the scramble for an empire
-nationalists took credit for the invasion
50
Identify 2 of Giolitti’s successes in the Italian Liberal State.
-he was accused of neglecting the south so he improved health & economic prosperity, increased literacy rates etc
-made social reforms for the working class: limited working day, restricted child labour, state funding for orphanages etc
-appealed to the left + rural workers- Legalised trade unions, voting rights
-compromised with the Church
- industrial production doubled 1896-1913
-common language established
51
Identify 2 of Giolitti’s failures in the Liberal State of Italy
-there remained racial prejudice towards the south of Italy - ‘not real Italians’
-1901: half a mill emigrations from southern italy. 1913: a mill emigrations from southern italy. (Most to America)
-failed to halt the rise of nationalism
-nationalists felt Giolitti presented Italy as weak + corrupt, needed to be overthrown.
-Giolitti embraced the nationalists, who took credit for his Libyan invasion
-north/south economic gap worsened
-trasformismo still dominant
52
How did Giolitti deal with socialists in the Liberal State?
-legalised trade unions
-1898 national insurance
-1911 Giolitti offered key socialist Bissolati a place in his cabinet (declined)
53
Explain the relationship between Giolitti and the nationalists
-Giolitti felt nationalists were his biggest threat
-they saw him as presenting Italy as weak and corrupt. wanted 2 overthrow
-Giolitti tried to boost his support via a liberal programme of reform + economic modernisation, didn’t halt rise of nationalism
-1911- Giolitti tried to embrace nationalism by expanding Italys empire in Libya
54
Summarise Giolitti’s attitude / relationship with the Church
1904 - “the Church and the state are 2 parallel lines which should never meet”
however Giolitti was prepared to offer concessions to the church in return for support.
-1904 created policies that could gain Churches support
-he allowed a divorce bill but compromised it due to Catholic ideology
55
How was the Italian franchise extended in 1912, and why?
-vote previously restricted to literate men at 21
-1912 vote extended to men 30+ and men who completed military service
-70% of the electorate now literate
-Giolitti hoped the franchise would UNITY ITALY, WEAKEN SOCIALISTS, INCREASE LIBERAL SUPPORT
56
summarise the outcome of the 1913 election
-liberal seats decreased from 370 to 318
-Catholic seats increased from 20 to 29
-liberal - catholic coalition formed as some liberals agreed to support catholic policies
-Giolitti lost support from radicals and socialists
57
When did Giolitti resign ?
1914
58
What was the RED WEEK in 1914?
-Antonio Salandra replaces Giolitti as Prime Minister, wants to link liberalism and nationalism
-PSI socialists proclaim national strike after 3 protestors were shot by police
-strikes led to riots
59
What was the Treaty of London 1915?
Secret deal between Britain, France and Italian Prime Minister, to bring Italy into WW1
60
What was significant about september 1920?
Perfect moment in the bienno rosso for the PSI (socialists) to officiate a revolution, however they didn’t
61
Where does the phrase ‘march on Rome’ originate from?
Risorgimento 1860s saw Garibaldi’s March on Rome. Therefore associated with Italian Unity
62
Name 5 factors which assisted Mussolini into power
-squadristi violence against leftists led to fascist support
-dual policy
-king scared to stop MARCH ON ROME due to fear of civil war, cousin, communism
-Mussolini different to previous PMs
-march on rome
-fear of communism
-political intrigue of Giolitti
-economic difficulties post WW1
-propaganda like newspapers, MOR
63
Summarise the April 1924 parliamentary election after the introduction of Acerbo law
-Fascists used violence, intimidation and voter fraud tactics
-National fascist party won 275/375 seats. Solid majority. 65%
64
Identify 3 types of repression and terror tactics used by Fascists 1922-45
-2000 political opponents executed
-OVRA secret police, kill 400 people
-confino
-ban on political parties 1926
-death penalty reintroduced
-Special Reserve Service, listened to phone calls / examined mail
-anti semitism 1937 onwards
65
Who was Ciano?
-mussolini’s son in law and foreign secretary
-opposed antisemitism
-opposed Mussolini’s WW2 decisions with Germany
66
What was the influence of fascism on culture/ art
-PNF wanted a cultural revolution pursuing ideals of fascism
-policies set out for artists, all art should serve the fascist state
-THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASCIST CULTURE 1926 organised cultural events, free concerts, funded film industry Film City
67
Identify 4 types of fascist propaganda
-totalitarian state, controlled all information eg limits press freedom
-left wing papers shut down
-syndicates fascist trade unions
-corporativism
-cult of Ancient Rome
-sporting victories 1934 & 38.
-Mussolini imagery
-Films glorifying Roman Empire
-National Institute of Fascist Culture
-Radio
68
Who were Alberto De’Stefani and Giuseppe Volpi?
De Stefani - liberal economist. Mussolini’s ministry of finance 1922-25.
Volpi - financier & industrialist. Replaces Stefani as ministry of finance
69
What was the Balilla / ONB ?
eduction organisation
-boys taught sports + militaristic activities
-girls taught cooking and childcare
70
summarise Mussolini and the King’s relationship from 1926?
-1926 Mussolini as dictator could make laws by decree
-1928 Mussolini deprived the King of his right to select Prime Ministers
-Mussolini gave him titles such as the Emperor of Ethiopia 1936 to keep him submissive
71
What benefits did the Pope / Church receive from the Lateran Treaty 1929
-catholicism was confirmed as the only state religion
-divorce was outlawed
-papacy received 1750 lira compensation for losses since 1970
-created Vatican City which restored some of the Pope’s political authority
72
What were Mussolini’s benefits from the Lateran Treaty? 1929
-national Catholic support
-The pope withdrew support for PPI Catholic party. This eliminated an electoral rival for the fascists as PPI crumbled without fascist support
73
What was the significance of Pope Pius XI?
he wrote an encyclical (statement) against Mussolini’s antisemitism but died in 1939, before it could be published
74
What were the 3 economic battles?
Battle for land, grain and births
75
What was the battle for land? And was it successful?
To modernise Italian agriculture. Successful - production figures rose from 40million to 80million (1939)
76
What was the battle for grain? Was it successful?
Aimed to increase food production. Successful - the draining of the Pontine Marshes provided thousands of acres of new farmland
77
What was the battle for births? Was it successful?
Aimed to increase the population. Eg ban abortion / contraception and tax unmarried couples with no children Failure - population rose by 7million in 20 years (disappointing)
Partly due to USA immigration restriction laws
78
What was the Rocco Law?
Came after trade unions and strikes were banned for ‘productivity’ .
Gave legal recognition to the fascist syndicates / corporations
79
Name 2 positives for Italian workers during the fascist state
- sick pay introduced 1928
-redundancy pay introduced
80
Name 2 negatives for Italian workers during the Fascists state
-the right to strike was abolished
-they failed to guarantee a minimum wage
81
summarise Mussolini’s policy of autarky and its success
Self sufficient economic system and limited trade.
-34000 cars produced by 1941
-five fold increase in electricity production 1917-1942
82
Identify 4 of Mussolini’s economic policies / focuses
-corporativism / fascist syndicates
-selective minister of economics
-re evaluation of the lira
-autarky
-3 economic battles
83
Summarise the Corfu Crisis
-Mussolini claimed Corfu (Greek coast) as his own
-he sends Italian troops onto the island
-League of Nations condemns this and says Corfu is greek not Italian
-British + French bomb the Italian troops in Corfu, forcing them out
84
Summarise the Italian invasion of Ethiopia 1935
-British & French owned African land surrounding Ethiopia
-Mussolini wanted to invade Ethiopia, he did so with chemical weapons. Ethiopian troops were barefoot and used horses, spears and swords
85
What was the Hoare-Laval Pact 1935
-secret proposal by Britain & France that would give Mussolini most of Abyssinia. Rejected by Mussolini. Caused public outrage, Hoare & Laval resigned
86
What were 3 aims Mussolini wanted to achieve through his foreign policies
-rebuild Great Roman Empire
-restore Italy’s reputation
-rival British + French through Mediterranean
87
What was the 1924 Yugoslavia agreement?
Allowed Italy to acquire Fiume
88
summarise the Italian annexation of Albania march 1939
-Mussolini invaded Albania to show off Italy’s military strength to Hitler.
-Albanian army easily defeated by Italy
- triggered Britain & France to give military guarantees to Greece + Turkey to help prevent the spread of fascism
89
How did Mussolini prolong Italy’s entrance into WW2?
he gave Hitler an extremely long and unrealistic list of equipment needed to allow Italy to fight with Germany.
90
What was Mussolini’s vision of parallel war?
Germany would attack northern, central and eastern Europe whilst Italians were responsible for war efforts in the Mediterranean and northern Africa
91
Which battles did Germany had to rescue Italy from in WW2?
Greece - Mussolini didn’t tell Hitler of the invasion until they were failing
North Africa - 1943, 125000 Italian troops were being held prisoner by the British
92
Which key events took place in July 1943?
-allies invaded Sicily (south Italy)
-Fascist Grand Council, including Ciano, voted Mussolini out. Also asked King to resume his full constitutional powers.
93
Who did the King appoint as Prime Minister after Mussolini in 1943?
Marshal Badoglio
94
What was the attitude to the King in 1946?
-King Victor Emmanuel III abdicated.
-His son briefly became king, but the royal family was forced to leave the country a month later when a referendum decided in favour of a republic by 54%
- many southerners voted in favour of monarchy
95
name 2 features of the new Italian constitution post WW2 (1948)
-women got the vote
-parliamentary democracy
-proportional representation
-president elected by parliament, has few real powers
96
What was the Gentiloni Pact?
The pope / Church agreeing to work with Giolitti.
