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Modern History > ITALY- definitions / short answers > Flashcards

ITALY- definitions / short answers Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Risorgimento

A

unification of Italy

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2
Q

When did Italy unify

A

1870

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3
Q

Define trasformismo

A

Political skill of deal - making

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4
Q

What countries were named the ‘Industrial Triangle’ in Italy

A

Milan, Turin, Genova

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5
Q

What country did Giolitti invade and find failure?

A

Libya

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6
Q

What groups were Giolitti’s main obstacles to tackle as prime minister 1900-1914

A

The Socialists, Nationalists , and Catholic Church

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7
Q

What political party represented the Italian socialists?

A

PSI led by Turati

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8
Q

What political party represented the Italian Nationalists

A

ANI led by Corradini

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9
Q

Who was Prime Minister after Giolitti resigned in 1914?

A

Antonio Salandra

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10
Q

What year did Italy join WW1 and who’s side were they on?

A

1915 —> fought with Britain, France, Russia

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11
Q

What location did Italy fight WW1

A

The Alps - snowy mountains

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12
Q

Which battle of WW1 showed huge Italian defeat?

A

1917 Battle of Caporetto

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13
Q

Which battle of WW1 showed huge Italian victory?

A

1918 Battle of Vittoria Veneto

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14
Q

What is Italian Irredenta?

A

Territory that Italy felt belonged to them. Eg Fiume

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15
Q

What was the concept of ‘mutilated victory’?

A

People were dissatisfied with Italian territory gains at the end of WW1

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16
Q

What did D’Annunizio do September 1919?

A

led former soldiers to invade Fiume (land owned by Yugoslavia)

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17
Q

What is Biennio Rosso?

A

The 2 Red Years: 1919 & 1920
near communist takeover

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18
Q

What was Bienno Nero?

A

Two black years ; 1920-1921
Fascists destory all ‘opposition’

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19
Q

What did the PPI (Italian popular party) represent?

A

Catholic party

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20
Q

What fascist group did Mussolini first create?

A

FASCI DI COMBATTIMENTO

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21
Q

What was Mussolini’s dual strategy / suits & boots?

A

1) Enter political system legally as respectable politicians
2) Use violence + intimidation when necessary

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22
Q

What was the squadrismo?

A

rural fascist squads

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23
Q

What was the federterra?

A

trade unions for peasants in south Italy (countryside)

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24
Q

when exactly did Mussolini become Prime Minister?

A

October 30th 1922

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25
Q

How many fascists did Mussolini have in his first cabinet?

A

3

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26
Q

When was the March on Rome

A

October 28th 1922

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27
Q

how many people died at the march / was exaggerated ?

A

a dozen died. fascists said 3000 died.

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28
Q

What was the General Strike July 1922?

A

-socialists call a general strike
-fascists use this as an excuse to attack socialists: burn down avanti offices
-mussolini took credit for breaking the strike
-governement looked weak compared to fascists

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29
Q

What was the Pact of Pacification 1921?

A

-Mussolini called for an end to squadristi violence + tried to assert his control over the RAS
- the 3 RAS bosses rejected this, Muss resigned from the party august 1921
-they ended up wanting him back soon after, he dominated!

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30
Q

What was the Acerbo Law? (1923)

A

changed voting threshold: party that gains over 25% of the vote is granted 2/3 majority of seats
(undemocratic, disproportionate)

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31
Q

Who was Matteotti and what did he do?

A

socialist MP. he rose in parliament may 1924 to oppose Mussolini. he predicted he would be soon be killed after his speech. month later he was kidnapped & killed

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32
Q

Who was Mussolini’s first minister of economics?

A

Alberto De’Stefani

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33
Q

What personal political change did Mussolini make on Xmas Eve 1925?

A

formally changed his title from President of Council of Ministers to Head of Government.
now dictator, only responsible to King

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34
Q

Name 2 people who tried to assassinate Mussolini

A

-Michelle Schurru
-Zamboni (SOCIALIST MP)

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35
Q

How did Mussolini use Zamboni’s attempt to tighten his political grip?

A

-established many new fascist laws
-set up secret police (OVRA)
-imprisoned political opponents

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36
Q

What was the Lateran Treaty with Pope Pius XI ?

A

-it compensated for land lost when unifying Italy 1870 (1750 lira)
-Church exempt from tax
-catholicism named only state religion
-Vatican city formed gave pope political authority
-support for fascism grew to 90% from Catholics, as the Pope withdrew support for the PPI)

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37
Q

What was the Vanderbilt affair?

A

Mussolini ran over a 3 year old child. He took no responsibility, covered it up.

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38
Q

define confino

A

sending political opponents to exile (islands)

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39
Q

what did the Special Reserve Service do?

A

listened to phone calls / examined mail

40
Q

What were the OVRA? (1927)

A

Italian Secret Police
-spied on Italians to stomp out antifascists
-5000 informers in businesses, universities etc
-headed by BOCCHINI

41
Q

What was the Manifesto of Race (1938) ?

A

-Jews were stripped of Italian citizenship
-banned from government / professional jobs
-Italian Jews who served in WW1 were exempt
-9000 Italian Jews were sent to Nazi death camps

42
Q

Describe the Pact of Pacification 1921

A

-Mussolini called for an end to squadristi violence + tried to assert his control over the RAS
-The 3 RAS bosses rejected this, Mussolini resigned from the party august 1921
-they soon ended up welcoming him back as leader.

43
Q

what is corporativism?

A

‘Corporations’ were fascist representatives who ‘mediated’ between workers and bosses’ disagreements. they usually tended to side with the bosses.

44
Q

What sporting success did Italy enjoy in the 1930s?

A

Held 1934 world cup in Italy - they won
Retained the trophy again in 1938
Italian boxer Carnera won heavyweight championship 1933

45
Q

What was the Dopolvaro (OND) ?

A

organisation hoping to provide for the ‘healthy & profitable occupation of the workers’ leisure hours’. by means such as cheap holidays, libraries, lectures, entertainment etc

46
Q

What is meant by fascistisation?

A

Imposing fascist principles all throughout education. like the removal of teachers critical of fascist principles

47
Q

What were the 3 key values of fascist education?

A

Teach the young virtues like manliness, patriotism, and obedience

48
Q

what did Antonio Gramsci say relating to the risorgimento?

A

‘They produced a bastard’

49
Q

Summarise the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911

A

-invasion was initially successful but Italian army got bogged down by Libyan Resistance
-50k troops committed with 3500 deaths
-italy was joining the scramble for an empire
-nationalists took credit for the invasion

50
Q

Identify 2 of Giolitti’s successes in the Italian Liberal State.

A

-he was accused of neglecting the south so he improved health & economic prosperity, increased literacy rates etc
-made social reforms for the working class: limited working day, restricted child labour, state funding for orphanages etc
-appealed to the left + rural workers- Legalised trade unions, voting rights
-compromised with the Church
- industrial production doubled 1896-1913
-common language established

51
Q

Identify 2 of Giolitti’s failures in the Liberal State of Italy

A

-there remained racial prejudice towards the south of Italy - ‘not real Italians’
-1901: half a mill emigrations from southern italy. 1913: a mill emigrations from southern italy. (Most to America)
-failed to halt the rise of nationalism
-nationalists felt Giolitti presented Italy as weak + corrupt, needed to be overthrown.
-Giolitti embraced the nationalists, who took credit for his Libyan invasion
-north/south economic gap worsened
-trasformismo still dominant

52
Q

How did Giolitti deal with socialists in the Liberal State?

A

-legalised trade unions
-1898 national insurance
-1911 Giolitti offered key socialist Bissolati a place in his cabinet (declined)

53
Q

Explain the relationship between Giolitti and the nationalists

A

-Giolitti felt nationalists were his biggest threat
-they saw him as presenting Italy as weak and corrupt. wanted 2 overthrow
-Giolitti tried to boost his support via a liberal programme of reform + economic modernisation, didn’t halt rise of nationalism
-1911- Giolitti tried to embrace nationalism by expanding Italys empire in Libya

54
Q

Summarise Giolitti’s attitude / relationship with the Church

A

1904 - “the Church and the state are 2 parallel lines which should never meet”
however Giolitti was prepared to offer concessions to the church in return for support.
-1904 created policies that could gain Churches support
-he allowed a divorce bill but compromised it due to Catholic ideology

55
Q

How was the Italian franchise extended in 1912, and why?

A

-vote previously restricted to literate men at 21
-1912 vote extended to men 30+ and men who completed military service
-70% of the electorate now literate
-Giolitti hoped the franchise would UNITY ITALY, WEAKEN SOCIALISTS, INCREASE LIBERAL SUPPORT

56
Q

summarise the outcome of the 1913 election

A

-liberal seats decreased from 370 to 318
-Catholic seats increased from 20 to 29
-liberal - catholic coalition formed as some liberals agreed to support catholic policies
-Giolitti lost support from radicals and socialists

57
Q

When did Giolitti resign ?

A

1914

58
Q

What was the RED WEEK in 1914?

A

-Antonio Salandra replaces Giolitti as Prime Minister, wants to link liberalism and nationalism
-PSI socialists proclaim national strike after 3 protestors were shot by police
-strikes led to riots

59
Q

What was the Treaty of London 1915?

A

Secret deal between Britain, France and Italian Prime Minister, to bring Italy into WW1

60
Q

What was significant about september 1920?

A

Perfect moment in the bienno rosso for the PSI (socialists) to officiate a revolution, however they didn’t

61
Q

Where does the phrase ‘march on Rome’ originate from?

A

Risorgimento 1860s saw Garibaldi’s March on Rome. Therefore associated with Italian Unity

62
Q

Name 5 factors which assisted Mussolini into power

A

-squadristi violence against leftists led to fascist support
-dual policy
-king scared to stop MARCH ON ROME due to fear of civil war, cousin, communism
-Mussolini different to previous PMs
-march on rome
-fear of communism
-political intrigue of Giolitti
-economic difficulties post WW1
-propaganda like newspapers, MOR

63
Q

Summarise the April 1924 parliamentary election after the introduction of Acerbo law

A

-Fascists used violence, intimidation and voter fraud tactics
-National fascist party won 275/375 seats. Solid majority. 65%

64
Q

Identify 3 types of repression and terror tactics used by Fascists 1922-45

A

-2000 political opponents executed
-OVRA secret police, kill 400 people
-confino
-ban on political parties 1926
-death penalty reintroduced
-Special Reserve Service, listened to phone calls / examined mail
-anti semitism 1937 onwards

65
Q

Who was Ciano?

A

-mussolini’s son in law and foreign secretary
-opposed antisemitism
-opposed Mussolini’s WW2 decisions with Germany

66
Q

What was the influence of fascism on culture/ art

A

-PNF wanted a cultural revolution pursuing ideals of fascism
-policies set out for artists, all art should serve the fascist state
-THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASCIST CULTURE 1926 organised cultural events, free concerts, funded film industry Film City

67
Q

Identify 4 types of fascist propaganda

A

-totalitarian state, controlled all information eg limits press freedom
-left wing papers shut down
-syndicates fascist trade unions
-corporativism
-cult of Ancient Rome
-sporting victories 1934 & 38.
-Mussolini imagery
-Films glorifying Roman Empire
-National Institute of Fascist Culture
-Radio

68
Q

Who were Alberto De’Stefani and Giuseppe Volpi?

A

De Stefani - liberal economist. Mussolini’s ministry of finance 1922-25.
Volpi - financier & industrialist. Replaces Stefani as ministry of finance

69
Q

What was the Balilla / ONB ?

A

eduction organisation
-boys taught sports + militaristic activities
-girls taught cooking and childcare

70
Q

summarise Mussolini and the King’s relationship from 1926?

A

-1926 Mussolini as dictator could make laws by decree
-1928 Mussolini deprived the King of his right to select Prime Ministers
-Mussolini gave him titles such as the Emperor of Ethiopia 1936 to keep him submissive

71
Q

What benefits did the Pope / Church receive from the Lateran Treaty 1929

A

-catholicism was confirmed as the only state religion
-divorce was outlawed
-papacy received 1750 lira compensation for losses since 1970
-created Vatican City which restored some of the Pope’s political authority

72
Q

What were Mussolini’s benefits from the Lateran Treaty? 1929

A

-national Catholic support
-The pope withdrew support for PPI Catholic party. This eliminated an electoral rival for the fascists as PPI crumbled without fascist support

73
Q

What was the significance of Pope Pius XI?

A

he wrote an encyclical (statement) against Mussolini’s antisemitism but died in 1939, before it could be published

74
Q

What were the 3 economic battles?

A

Battle for land, grain and births

75
Q

What was the battle for land? And was it successful?

A

To modernise Italian agriculture. Successful - production figures rose from 40million to 80million (1939)

76
Q

What was the battle for grain? Was it successful?

A

Aimed to increase food production. Successful - the draining of the Pontine Marshes provided thousands of acres of new farmland

77
Q

What was the battle for births? Was it successful?

A

Aimed to increase the population. Eg ban abortion / contraception and tax unmarried couples with no children Failure - population rose by 7million in 20 years (disappointing)
Partly due to USA immigration restriction laws

78
Q

What was the Rocco Law?

A

Came after trade unions and strikes were banned for ‘productivity’ .
Gave legal recognition to the fascist syndicates / corporations

79
Q

Name 2 positives for Italian workers during the fascist state

A
  • sick pay introduced 1928
    -redundancy pay introduced
80
Q

Name 2 negatives for Italian workers during the Fascists state

A

-the right to strike was abolished
-they failed to guarantee a minimum wage

81
Q

summarise Mussolini’s policy of autarky and its success

A

Self sufficient economic system and limited trade.
-34000 cars produced by 1941
-five fold increase in electricity production 1917-1942

82
Q

Identify 4 of Mussolini’s economic policies / focuses

A

-corporativism / fascist syndicates
-selective minister of economics
-re evaluation of the lira
-autarky
-3 economic battles

83
Q

Summarise the Corfu Crisis

A

-Mussolini claimed Corfu (Greek coast) as his own
-he sends Italian troops onto the island
-League of Nations condemns this and says Corfu is greek not Italian
-British + French bomb the Italian troops in Corfu, forcing them out

84
Q

Summarise the Italian invasion of Ethiopia 1935

A

-British & French owned African land surrounding Ethiopia
-Mussolini wanted to invade Ethiopia, he did so with chemical weapons. Ethiopian troops were barefoot and used horses, spears and swords

85
Q

What was the Hoare-Laval Pact 1935

A

-secret proposal by Britain & France that would give Mussolini most of Abyssinia. Rejected by Mussolini. Caused public outrage, Hoare & Laval resigned

86
Q

What were 3 aims Mussolini wanted to achieve through his foreign policies

A

-rebuild Great Roman Empire
-restore Italy’s reputation
-rival British + French through Mediterranean

87
Q

What was the 1924 Yugoslavia agreement?

A

Allowed Italy to acquire Fiume

88
Q

summarise the Italian annexation of Albania march 1939

A

-Mussolini invaded Albania to show off Italy’s military strength to Hitler.
-Albanian army easily defeated by Italy
- triggered Britain & France to give military guarantees to Greece + Turkey to help prevent the spread of fascism

89
Q

How did Mussolini prolong Italy’s entrance into WW2?

A

he gave Hitler an extremely long and unrealistic list of equipment needed to allow Italy to fight with Germany.

90
Q

What was Mussolini’s vision of parallel war?

A

Germany would attack northern, central and eastern Europe whilst Italians were responsible for war efforts in the Mediterranean and northern Africa

91
Q

Which battles did Germany had to rescue Italy from in WW2?

A

Greece - Mussolini didn’t tell Hitler of the invasion until they were failing
North Africa - 1943, 125000 Italian troops were being held prisoner by the British

92
Q

Which key events took place in July 1943?

A

-allies invaded Sicily (south Italy)
-Fascist Grand Council, including Ciano, voted Mussolini out. Also asked King to resume his full constitutional powers.

93
Q

Who did the King appoint as Prime Minister after Mussolini in 1943?

A

Marshal Badoglio

94
Q

What was the attitude to the King in 1946?

A

-King Victor Emmanuel III abdicated.
-His son briefly became king, but the royal family was forced to leave the country a month later when a referendum decided in favour of a republic by 54%
- many southerners voted in favour of monarchy

95
Q

name 2 features of the new Italian constitution post WW2 (1948)

A

-women got the vote
-parliamentary democracy
-proportional representation
-president elected by parliament, has few real powers

96
Q

What was the Gentiloni Pact?

A

The pope / Church agreeing to work with Giolitti.

Modern History (5 decks)

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