ITALY- definitions / short answers Flashcards
Define Risorgimento
unification of Italy
When did Italy unify
1870
Define trasformismo
Political skill of deal - making
What countries were named the ‘Industrial Triangle’ in Italy
Milan, Turin, Genova
What country did Giolitti invade and find failure?
Libya
What groups were Giolitti’s main obstacles to tackle as prime minister 1900-1914
The Socialists, Nationalists , and Catholic Church
What political party represented the Italian socialists?
PSI led by Turati
What political party represented the Italian Nationalists
ANI led by Corradini
Who was Prime Minister after Giolitti resigned in 1914?
Antonio Salandra
What year did Italy join WW1 and who’s side were they on?
1915 —> fought with Britain, France, Russia
What location did Italy fight WW1
The Alps - snowy mountains
Which battle of WW1 showed huge Italian defeat?
1917 Battle of Caporetto
Which battle of WW1 showed huge Italian victory?
1918 Battle of Vittoria Veneto
What is Italian Irredenta?
Territory that Italy felt belonged to them. Eg Fiume
What was the concept of ‘mutilated victory’?
People were dissatisfied with Italian territory gains at the end of WW1
What did D’Annunizio do September 1919?
led former soldiers to invade Fiume (land owned by Yugoslavia)
What is Biennio Rosso?
The 2 Red Years: 1919 & 1920
near communist takeover
What was Bienno Nero?
Two black years ; 1920-1921
Fascists destory all ‘opposition’
What did the PPI (Italian popular party) represent?
Catholic party
What fascist group did Mussolini first create?
FASCI DI COMBATTIMENTO
What was Mussolini’s dual strategy / suits & boots?
1) Enter political system legally as respectable politicians
2) Use violence + intimidation when necessary
What was the squadrismo?
rural fascist squads
What was the federterra?
trade unions for peasants in south Italy (countryside)
when exactly did Mussolini become Prime Minister?
October 30th 1922
How many fascists did Mussolini have in his first cabinet?
3
When was the March on Rome
October 28th 1922
how many people died at the march / was exaggerated ?
a dozen died. fascists said 3000 died.
What was the General Strike July 1922?
-socialists call a general strike
-fascists use this as an excuse to attack socialists: burn down avanti offices
-mussolini took credit for breaking the strike
-governement looked weak compared to fascists
What was the Pact of Pacification 1921?
-Mussolini called for an end to squadristi violence + tried to assert his control over the RAS
- the 3 RAS bosses rejected this, Muss resigned from the party august 1921
-they ended up wanting him back soon after, he dominated!
What was the Acerbo Law? (1923)
changed voting threshold: party that gains over 25% of the vote is granted 2/3 majority of seats
(undemocratic, disproportionate)
Who was Matteotti and what did he do?
socialist MP. he rose in parliament may 1924 to oppose Mussolini. he predicted he would be soon be killed after his speech. month later he was kidnapped & killed
Who was Mussolini’s first minister of economics?
Alberto De’Stefani
What personal political change did Mussolini make on Xmas Eve 1925?
formally changed his title from President of Council of Ministers to Head of Government.
now dictator, only responsible to King
Name 2 people who tried to assassinate Mussolini
-Michelle Schurru
-Zamboni (SOCIALIST MP)
How did Mussolini use Zamboni’s attempt to tighten his political grip?
-established many new fascist laws
-set up secret police (OVRA)
-imprisoned political opponents
What was the Lateran Treaty with Pope Pius XI ?
-it compensated for land lost when unifying Italy 1870 (1750 lira)
-Church exempt from tax
-catholicism named only state religion
-Vatican city formed gave pope political authority
-support for fascism grew to 90% from Catholics, as the Pope withdrew support for the PPI)
What was the Vanderbilt affair?
Mussolini ran over a 3 year old child. He took no responsibility, covered it up.
define confino
sending political opponents to exile (islands)