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Modern History > Germany - DEFINITIONS/shorter answers > Flashcards

Germany - DEFINITIONS/shorter answers Flashcards

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1
Q

Define prerogative state (in context)

A

only what Hitler wants to happen will happen. nothing happens with without Hitler’s approval. (inefficient)

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2
Q

Define polycratic regime

A

governing with too many people and departments. unclear and chaotic running of a country.

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3
Q

Define autarky (in context)

A

being self-sufficient. Hitler wanted an autarkic Germany where they don’t need to trade with other countries.

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4
Q

Define social Darwinism

A

Nazi ideology. Survival of the fittest where the ‘Aryan’ race is the most superior

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5
Q

Define cumulative radicalisation

A

when something grows more and more radical through time / every year. EG: 1920s- Hitler blames Jews for Wall St crash. 1940s - mass extermination of Jews

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6
Q

What is meant by working towards the Fuhrer?

A

Competing to please Hitler. Many rivalries occurred within large Nazi powers because of this. Hitler enjoyed this sense of social Darwinism despite it being an awful way to run Germany.

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7
Q

Explain what is meant by a non-interventionalist dictatorship.

A

Hitler could be the dictator without having to always actively dictate. He ruled with fear therefore no one challenged him.

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8
Q

Give 3 examples of denazification in FRG

A

1)swastika was banned
2)all 22 Nazi leaders but 3 were convicted
3)new flag

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9
Q

how did germans continue to suffer after WW2? (FRG)

A

economic crisis —> starvation, high mortality rates. + Germans were used as forced labour as part of reparations.

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10
Q

what were intellectual reparations in FRG?

A

most advanced scientists from Germany were stolen by USA / Britain to be used in their programmes.

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11
Q

What was the Marshall plan?

A

the US gave aid ($13billion) to Western Europe after WW2 (1948)

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12
Q

what were the 3 US goals of the Marshall plan?

A

1) prevent the spread of communism
2) trade!
3)wanted allies in case of a WW3

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13
Q

name 3 features of the West German constitution

A

1) President = titular head of state. (less power)
2) MPs need at least 5% of the vote
3) AMS electoral system. hybrid system: 50% FPTP 50% PR

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14
Q

German phrase meaning economic miracle

A

Wirtschaftswunder

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15
Q

What was the Hallstein Doctrine?

A

West Germany did not care to have relations with East Germany. look to the west!

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16
Q

What is Ostpolitik?

A

West German attitude to seek for better relations with East Germany.

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17
Q

What is the Stufenplan?

A

Stufenplan was the sequel Hitler wrote to MeinKampf in the 1920s. It described his plan to WW2. Wasn’t published until after the war.

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18
Q

Define Weltpolitik

A

Global domination

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19
Q

What was the Anti-Comintern Pact ?1936

A

Anti - communism pact. Germany, Italy + Japan. Britain was invited but did not join due to the controversial faschist members.

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20
Q

Define Anschluss

A

German unity with Austria

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21
Q

Define Pan Germanism

A

unification of all German speaking people.

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22
Q

What was the German-British Naval Agreement 1935

A

Britain allowed Germany to expand their navy (this was against the treaty of Versailles) as long as it did not exceed 2/3 of British navy.

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23
Q

What happened at the Munich Conference? September 1938

A

Britain and France continued to follow appeasement by giving the Sudetenland to Germany. Czechoslovakia was not invited to the Conference.

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24
Q

Explain Hossbach Memorandum 1937

A

It is a conversation between Hitler and his politicians where he clearly outlined his plans leading up to war. Army generals Blomberg + Fritsch disagreed with Hitler’s plan and were immediately fired.

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25
Q

list the 6 initial chancellors of the FRG era in order

A

-ADENAUER
-ERHARD
-KIESINGER
-BRANDT
-SCHMIDT
-KOHL

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26
Q

name 3 of Adenauer’s successes

A

-he reconciled with France
-put west Germany into NATO 1955
-saved 20,000 German prisoners of war from Russia
-created economic stability, increased living standards
-successfully handled migrant crisis
-made good relations with USA, Israel

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27
Q

name 2 ‘failures’ of Adenauer

A

-he wasn’t overly critical of the Berlin wall for selfish reasons
-he promoted former Nazis into government positions

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28
Q

name 2 successes of Erhard

A

-stimulated economic growth,1948 currency reform - “father of the social market economy”
-slowly started opening up to the East
-highlighted importance of relations with USA & Israel

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29
Q

what is the one failure of Erhard as chancellor?

A

there was a recession in 1926, unemployment and inflation increased.

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30
Q

identify 2 successes of Kiesinger

A

-he headed the GRAND COALITION
-he promoted political stability
-he created emergency legislation to crack down on RAF terrorists

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31
Q

-name the 2 major failures of Chancellor Kiesinger

A

-some people thought he acted too authoritarian which caused student protests.
-he was exposed as a former Nazi in 1969

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32
Q

name 1 success of Brandt

A

-OSTPOLITIK
-went to Poland + East Germany trying to atone

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33
Q

name 2 failures of Brandt

A

-he struggled to deal with the RAF terrorists, increased student protests
-East German spy was found in his office - Brandt resigned.

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34
Q

name 2 successes of SCHMIDT

A

-destroyed the RAF terrorists.
-got West Germany to be part of the G6 (6 biggest economies in the world)

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35
Q

name a failure of Schmidt

A
  • he agreed for America to station nuclear weapons in West Germany, causing young people to protest.
    -young people liked the goals of the RAF terrorists so weren’t entirely pleased when they were destroyed
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36
Q

identify 2 successes of chancellor KOHL

A

-took down Berlin wall - German unity
-expanded social marker benefits
-ensured the EU expanded
-introduced tax reforms so people had more money in their pockets

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37
Q

summarise the Dolchtoss theory.

A

Ebert + the Weimar government were called the ‘November criminals’ who had stabbed Germany in the back by signing the Treaty to take power from the Kaiser & army

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38
Q

Who were the Sparticists?

A

KPD ran by Rosa Luxembourg & Karl Liebknecht (extremists). aimed to turn Germany into a communist country

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39
Q

How successful were the Nazis in the 1928 election?

A

2.6% of the vote

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40
Q

describe the Gestapo

A

secret police. plain clothes. would search for anti-Nazis.

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41
Q

how did the Catholic Church resist the Nazi regime?

A

-remained independent of the regime
-protested in newspapers + against Hitler Youth
-reversed the decision to remove crucifixes from classrooms

42
Q

describe the WHITE ROSE MOVEMENT

A

-group organised by students at Munich University
-anonymous leaflets & graffiti campaigns against Nazis
-Hans + SOPHIE SCHOLL arrested 1943. People’s court sentenced them to death

43
Q

describe the EDELWEISS PIRATES

A
  • Anti-Nazi youth group
    -working class
    -beat up Nazi officials
    -sheltered people hiding eg Jews
44
Q

what were the EINSATZGRUPPEN?

A

(SS) soldiers carrying out killings of Jews

45
Q

What was the significance of STALINGRAD (ww2)

A

Hitler refused to organise withdrawal of his troops despite great defeat. 250,000 soldiers died for no reason. This was the turning point in WW2

46
Q

Who were the key figures in the July Bomb Plot?

A

Stauffenburg, Beck, Fromm, Tresckow, Speer

47
Q

Why did the July Bomb Plot fail?

A

-Brandt moved the briefcase further from Hitler
-only had time to activate 1 bomb instead of 2
-moved conference room to wooden room rather than concrete bunker
-Fromm hesitates to call orders

48
Q

describe the RED ARMY FACTION

A

-set up by students who felt they weren’t being listened to
-wanted to end consumerism, Vietnam War etc
-used violent tactics like firebombs & assassinations, 30+ banks robbed
-28 people maimed in bombing campaigns

49
Q

What was the German Autumn 1977?

A

-murdered chief prosecutor & chief exectutive of a bank
-former Nazi kidnapped
-RAF supporters hijack plane + demand release of RAF prisoners
-police storm a plane - they free hostages but kill 3 people
-3 imprisoned RAF members found dead in their cells

50
Q

By 1929, how many members did the Nazis have?

A

over 100,000

51
Q

what were the German unemployment figures after the Wall Street Crash in correlation the Nazi seats in the reichstag?

A

unemployment figures increased with Nazi seats:
-1930: 3mill unemployed, 107 Nazi seats
-July 1932: 5mill unemployed, 196 Nazi seats
-Nov 1932: 6mill unemployed, 230 Nazi seats

52
Q

how did the Reichstag fire assist Hitler becoming a dictator?

A

late February 1933, Reichstag fire. Van der Lubbe supposedly did it –> Dutch, disabled communist. Helped Hitler prove that the communists wanted to overthrow the government.

53
Q

describe life for women in the Nazi era

A

-they wouldn’t work, stay at home & look after family
-supposed to breed more ‘aryan’ children
-kinder, kuche, kirche
-abortion was banned
-rewards were given to mothers with more children.

54
Q

when was conscription introduced by Hitler?

A

1935

55
Q

what was the RAD?

A

‘national labour service’
all young men 18-25 had to join for 6 months
given jobs in public works. uniforms. conditions weren’t great

56
Q

simply NAME at least 3 laws/groups which were responses to extremism in the FRG

A

-1951 Article 131
-1968 Emergency Law
-1972 GSG9 Group
-1972 Anti Radical Decree
1977 BEFA

57
Q

What was article 131 of FRG constitution 1951?

A

banned KPD + socialist right party

58
Q

What did the EMERGENCY LAW 1968 allow the police to do ? in FRG

A

police able to randomly stop and search West German citizens

59
Q

Who were the GSG9 group? 1972

A

elite counter-terrorist unit. Saved 86 hostages in 1977

60
Q

What was the Anti Radical Decree? FRG 1972

A

It kept RAF - sympathisers out of state jobs

61
Q

what was the 1977 BEFA system?

A

computerised surveillance

62
Q

How many times did President Hindenburg use ARTICLE 48 in 1932, and in his whole reign?

A

66 times in 1932. 137 times total

63
Q

What was the Ebert-Groener Pact?

A

Ebert funded the army so that they would protect him , (Luxembourg gets murdered)

64
Q

Who were the Swing Youth?

A

-middle class anti- nazi youth group
-listened to Jazz music

65
Q

who was Dietrich BONHOEFFER?

A

German theologian who was involved in an attempt to assassinate Hitler in July 1944

66
Q

What was the Beauty of Labour Programme?

A

designed to make factories cleaner, safer and more efficient for workers

67
Q

How was the price of bread affected by hyperinflation in early Weimar years?

A

November 1918 - 1 mark
November 1923 - 200 billion marks

68
Q

What was Stresemann’s DAWES plan

A

USA loaned Germany 800 million gold marks to aid economic recovery

69
Q

What was Stresesmann’s YOUNG plan?

A

reparations were extended to 1988
they were reduced to 1/4 of the initial amount

70
Q

How much did the 1936 Berlin Olympics cost and why?

A

$30million
-100000 seat track
-new stadium
-6 gymnasiums
-paid Leni Riefenstahl to film the games - $7million

71
Q

When did economic minister SHACHT resign?

A

1937

72
Q

What was the KdF / strength through joy movement?

A

designed to provide workers with cheap leisure opportunities

73
Q

name 4 successes of Nazi economics

A

-RAD scheme helped to build public services
-remilitarisation employed people
-MEFO BILLS, free weapons
-Autobahn success
-1936 Berlin Olympics
-Daf - no strikes in Nazi Germany

74
Q

name 4 failures of Nazi Economics

A

-failed attempt at autarky
-failure of improving farms/farmers lives
-invisible employment
-military spending caused inflation to rise 20%
-guns and butter debate created economic disagreements between Schacht + Goerring (Shacht sacked)
-wasted materials on final solution
-didnt employ women in wartime workforce until 1943
-polycratic state: chaos and confusion

75
Q

What was the Daf / German Labour Front

A

Hitler banned all trade unions May 1933, replaced with DAF. All workers had to join of they could not work

76
Q

What changes were introduced by the DAF

A

-strikes were illegal and offenders would be sent to concentration camps
-working hours increased to 60+ per week
-workers cant ask for more money
-workers couldn’t leave a job without permission

77
Q

which employment statistics prove that the Nazis decreased unemployment?

A

1932 - 6million unemployed
1935 - 2million unemployed

78
Q

Why was it successful that the Nazis used left and right wing economics?

A

-funded by wealthy capitalists who feared communism, like Boss, Krupp
-fiscal stimulus (spending lots in the Great Depression) favoured by leftists

79
Q

Give 2 pieces of evidence for the economic miracle in the FRG

A

-tax drops from 85% to 18%
-unemployment 1950: 11%,1960: 1.2%
-marshall aid gave $13billion to WG
-car ownership. 1950: 2m 1965: 12m

80
Q

what does SPD stand for and what did they represent

A

social democratic party
-originally a Marxist party
-wanted to improve conditions for the German workers
-wanted to end the dominance of the Church + aristrocracy

81
Q

what does ZP stand for and what did they represent

A

zentrum (centre party)
- supported weimar republic
- wanted to improve conditions for the poor
- advanced the rights of German Catholics

82
Q

what does DDP stand for and what did they represent

A

German democrats
- national party
- in favour of democratic republic

83
Q

what does KPD stand for and what did they represent

A

communist party of Germany
- support communist Russia
- extremely left wing
- favour working class rights
- want to abolish capitalism

84
Q

what does DVP stand for and what did they represent

A

German People’s party
- centre (moderately right wing)
- opposed Weimar constitution
- acted democratically

85
Q

what does DNVP stand for and what did they represent

A

German National People’s Party
- extremely right wing
- wanted restoration of the Kaiser
- introduction of military service, remilitarisation

86
Q

Who won the january 1919 election?

A

SPD - 37.86%
ZP second place

87
Q

give 3 features of the Weimar constitution

A
  • proportional representation voting system
  • Kaiser is abolished, Germany ruled by President
  • Article 48
  • All men / women over 21 could vote. Universal suffrage
  • Parliament = Reichstag
88
Q

What was Article 48

A

an emergency power for the President to temporarily suspend the democracy if necessary

88
Q

what is Proportional Representation

A

electoral voting system : no votes are wasted. political parties that lose still have MPs - gives more power to smaller parties

88
Q

How many Presidents were there in Weimar?

A

2: Ebert + Hindenburg

89
Q

how often did the Reichstag elections happen?

A

every 4 yrs

90
Q

In Weimar how often were Presidents elected

A

every 7 years, but had no maximum term

91
Q

How did the original Nazi party come about?

A
  • Hitler spied on the DAP (German Workers Party) but likes what he hears and joins the party
  • DAP becomes NSDAP - set up by Anton Drexler Munich 1919
  • they were national socialists who also hated Jews, Weimar and Treaty of Versailles
92
Q

who set up the NSDAP (Nazi party) and when

A

Anton Drexler 1919 / 1920

93
Q

what was Hitler’s first role in the NSDAP

A

chief of propaganda in 1920

94
Q

how did Hitler make the NSDAP more professional?

A
  • set up a permamnet office in Munich
  • buys 2 newspapers to spread anticapitalist propaganda
  • used SA (sturmabteilung) dressed in brownshirts to parade the streets thuggishly as show of force. attacked communists
95
Q

what groups did the Nazis originally appeal to and why

A

1) lower middle class = protect from big bussinesses
2) middle class = protect traditional values + wealth from communism
3) working class = promised ‘work and bread’
4) Protestants = protect Germany from Catholics

96
Q

what event allowed Hitler to persuade Hindenburg to sign the Reichstag Decree

A

the Reichstag fire

97
Q

what was the Reichstag / emergency decree

A
  • Nazi-controlled police could arrest anyone suspected of opposing the government, hold people without trial, close newspapers etc.
98
Q

How did the Nazis initially use the Reichstag decree ?

A
  • arrested 4000 + communists
  • banned KPD
  • shut down political opponents’ newspapers + meetings
  • sent thousands of political opponents to concentration camps
99
Q

what did Hitler ban in May and June 1933 as a result of his Enabling Act

A
  • banned trade unions (no more workers rights
  • banned all political parties except the Nazis
  • imprisoned leaders of parties
  • ended democracy!
100
Q
A

Modern History (6 decks)

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