yr 9 body at war

Question 1

Disease

Answer 1

Any change that impairs the function of an individual in some way and causes harm to them.

Question 2

Infectious disease

Answer 2

A disease that can be spread from one organism to another and is caused by a pathogen.

Question 3

Vector

Answer 3

An organism that carries a pathogen between other organisms without being affected by the disease the pathogen causes.

Question 4

Pathogen

Answer 4

A disease producing organism.

Question 5

Host

Answer 5

Organism living in a relationship with another organism. The host provides something needed by the other organism (called the parasite)

Question 6

Parasite

Answer 6

Organism that lives in or on another organism. The parasite benefits while usually harming the host organism.

Question 7

Plague

Answer 7

Contagious diseases that spread rapidly through a population and results in a high death rate.

Question 8

Epidemic

Answer 8

A disease affecting a large number of people in a particular area in a relatively short period of time

Question 9

Pandemic

Answer 9

A disease occurring throughout the country or continent or worldwide.

Question 10

Virus

Answer 10

A non-cellular pathogen.

Question 11

Bacteria

Answer 11

Single celled organism. Can be a pathogen.

Question 12

Fungi

Answer 12

Organisms, eg mushrooms and moulds, that help decompose dead or decaying matter. Many are parasites and this can lead to disease.

Question 13

Body’s lines of defence

Answer 13

The way the body reacts to invading pathogens. There are 3 lines of defence, each acting in a different way.

Question 14

Inflammation

Answer 14

A reaction of the body due to an infection, commonly shown by heat, redness, swelling and pain. (It is part of the 2nd line of defence.)

Question 15

Phagocytes

Answer 15

A white blood cell that eats and destroys foreign particles, bacteria and other cells in the body. (It is part of the 2nd line of defence.)

Question 16

Antigen

Answer 16

A substance that stimulates the production of antibodies.

Question 17

Antibodies

Answer 17

Proteins that are produced by the body, as a result of the presence of a foreign substance in the body and act to get rid of it

Question 18

Lymphocytes

Answer 18

Small white blood cell present in lymph tissue and circulating in lymph and blood. They combat microbes, fight cancers and neutralise toxic chemicals. (There are T and B lymphocytes. These are part of the 3rd line of defence.)

Question 19

Immunity

Answer 19

Resistance to a particular disease-causing pathogen.

Question 20

Ways Diseases can be transmitted

Answer 20

• sneezing
• coughing
  -vectors
  -contaminated objects
  -water supplies
  -physical contact

Question 21

Active Immunity

Answer 21

When your body makes antibodies to a specific antigen.

Question 22

Passive Immunity

Answer 22

When you receive antibodies from an outside source.

Question 23

Diseases caused by Viruses

Answer 23

-AIDS
-Common cold
-Ebola

Question 24

Diseases caused by Bacteria

Answer 24

-Sepsis
-Pneumonia
-Urinary tract infections (UTI)

Question 25

Diseases caused by Fungi

Answer 25

-Candidiasis
-Cryptococcosis
-Aspergillosis

Question 26

Diseases caused by Animal Parasites

Answer 26

-Chagas disease
-Leishmaniasis
-Malaria

Question 27

What was the Bubonic Plague?

Answer 27

The bubonic plague is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis. It can spread through contact with infected fleas.
Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, which can be as large as chicken eggs, in the groin, armpit or neck. They may be tender and warm.

Question 28

What is the Spanish Flu?

Answer 28

It was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin.
Symptoms:
-muscle and joint pain
-headache
-dry throat
-chest pains
-an unproductive cough.

Question 29

First line of defence

Answer 29

Designed to prevent the entry of invading pathogens.

Question 30

Second line of defence

Answer 30

Phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens, this is called phagocytosis.

Question 31

Third line of defence

Answer 31

Your lymphatic system contains lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph and white blood cells. Some of these white blood cells are
lymphocytes.

Question 32

Physical barriers

Answer 32

Physical barriers play an important role in preventing microbes from reaching tissues that are susceptible to infection (tissue and blood infection).
Examples:
-skin
-cilia
-nasal hairs
-tears
-mucus

Question 33

Chemical barriers

Answer 33

Chemical barriers destroy pathogens on the outer body surface, at body openings, and on inner body linings.
Examples:
-sweat
-mucus
-tears
-saliva

Question 34

B lymphocytes

Answer 34

A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies. B lymphocytes are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow.

Question 35

T lymphocytes

Answer 35

A type of white blood cell. T lymphocytes are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. They help protect the body from infection and may help fight cancer.

Question 36

Non-specific defence against disease

Answer 36

Nonspecific protective mechanisms repel all microorganisms equally, while the specific immune responses are tailored to particular types of invaders.

Question 37

Specific defence against disease

Answer 37

Natural barriers include the skin, mucous membranes, tears, earwax, mucus, and stomach acid.

Question 38

How does inflammation, fever and phagocytosis help with your health?

Answer 38

Inflammation, fever and phagocytosis are signs that your second line of defence has been triggered.

Question 39

Explain how specific immunity against a particular pathogen is acquired

Answer 39

A vaccination is a specific immunity…
By getting a vaccination, you are exposing your body to the antigen required to produce antibodies specific to that virus, and acquire a memory of the virus, without experiencing illness. Some breakdowns in the immunological memory system can lead to autoimmune diseases.