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Key terms science > Exam yr 10 semseter 1 > Flashcards

Exam yr 10 semseter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid molecule located in the nucleus of cells that contains the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism.

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2
Q

Gene

A

A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome which is a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring.

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids found in the nucleus of living cells, which carries genetic information in the form of genes.

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4
Q

Cell division

A

The division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material. May be mitosis (clone copy) or meiosis (for reproduction).

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5
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells of plants and animals which are haploid because they contain only one set of chromosomes.

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6
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).

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7
Q

Somatic cell

A

Cells of the body which do not include gametes. These are diploid because they contain two sets of chromosomes.

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

An individual's observable trait. This is determined by both their genomic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors.

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9
Q

Autosomes

A

All of the numbered chromosomes of the cell which do not include the sex chromosomes. These contain the bulk of the cell’s information required to function.

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10
Q

Homologous

A

Chromosomes which pair during replication and have the same structural features and pattern of genes.

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11
Q

Trisomy

A

Three copies of a chromosome instead of the normal pair of two eg the addition of a number 21 chromosome that results in Down syndrome within each cell. Only one copy of a particular chromosome is monosomy

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12
Q

Karyotype

A

The number and general appearance (size, shape and banding) of a set of chromosomes in a somatic cell.

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13
Q

Nucleotides

A

Compounds (DNA building blocks) containing a sugar part (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate part and a nitrogen-containing base that varies

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14
Q

Base-Pair Rule

A

The concept that in DNA every adenine (A) binds with a thymine (T), and every cytosine (C) binds to a guanine (G).

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15
Q

Triplet

A

A sequence of three nucletides in DNA that can code for one amino acid. For example the triplet base sequence CAA codes for the amino acid, valine

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16
Q

Diploid

A

The paired set of chromosomes within a somatic cell eg 23 prs in each body cell. Sex cells have only one copy of each chromosome in the cell and this is referred to as the haploid number

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17
Q

Variation

A

Differences of characteristics shown in individuals due to various reasons. Inheritance of this variations or phenotypes may be favourable to increase chance of survival.

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18
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative forms of a gene for a particular characteristic. Each allele is characterised by a slightly different nucleotide sequence

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19
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a characteristic within the genotype

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20
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a characteristic within the genotype

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21
Q

Periods

A

A period is a horizontal row of the Periodic table. A new period begins when a new electron energy level begins filling with electrons.

22
Q

Groups

A

A group is a vertical column of the Periodic table. Groups all share the same number of valence electrons and have similar chemical properties.

23
Q

Atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which is characteristic of a chemical element and determines its place in the periodic table.

24
Q

Relative atomic mass

A

Is a measure of how heavy atoms are, which is determined by the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

25
Q

Alkali metals

A

The metals which are found in group 1 of the periodic table. These are characterised by a very high reactivity, even in water, due to their single valence electron.

26
Q

Alkaline earth metals

A

The metals which are found in group 2 of the periodic table. These are characterised by a high reactivity in acid and weak reactivity with water.

27
Q

Halogen

A

Non-metal elements in group 17 of the periodic table. These are brightly coloured elements.

28
Q

Nobel gasses

A

Non-metal elements in group 18 of the periodic table. These do not react easily and are considered inert because of their full valence shell of electrons.

29
Q

Transition metal block

A

The block of elements in the middle of the periodic table. These substances tend to form colourful solutions when dissolved in water.

30
Q

Lustre

A

Shine or sheen produced from reflected light.

31
Q

Malleable

A

A property of metals where they are able to be hammered and pressed into shape without breaking or cracking.

32
Q

Ductile

A

A property of metals where they are able to be drawn into thin wires without splitting or snapping.

33
Q

Molecules

A

A group of atoms that are chemically bonded which form discrete, fundamental particles that can take part in chemical reactions.

34
Q

Crystals

A

Geometrically shaped substances made up of atoms and molecules arranged in one of seven different shapes. Salts form crystal structures.

35
Q

Ionic compounds

A

Compounds formed between a negative ion (anion) and a positive ion (cation) whose electrostatic attraction is the basis of their ionic bond.

36
Q

Neutralisation

A

A reaction between an acid and a base which results in salt and water and a more neutral pH.

37
Q

Salt

A

Result of a neutralisation reaction where the cation from an acid is ionically bonded to the anion of a base.

38
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts which allow biological reactions to occur much faster and with a smaller activation energy.,

39
Q

Brittle

A

A hard substance which resists change in shape, but small distortions in its structure cause widespread cracking.

40
Q

Conductors

A

Allow energy to easily flow through the substance with little resistance. Energy may be in the form of electricity or heat.

41
Q

Average speed

A

Distance travelled divided by time taken.

42
Q

Velocity

A

A measure of rate of change in position. It has direction and magnitude.

43
Q

Magnitude

A

The size of a scalar quantity.

44
Q

Instantaneous speed

A

Speed at any particular instant of time.

45
Q

Acceleration

A

A rate of change in speed.

46
Q

Scalar quantity

A

quantity, such as distance and speed, that has a size but not a direction

47
Q

Vector quantity

A

a quantity, such as displacement or velocity, that has size and direction.

48
Q

Terminal velocity

A

The maximum velocity of an object as it falls through air depending on resistance factors.

49
Q

Displacement

A

A measurement of the change in position of a moving body; a straight line connecting the start and end points is specified in terms of length and direction.

50
Q

Distance

A

A measurement of how far apart objects are.

51
Q

Radar gun

A

Mobile Radar units in police cars sent out by radio waves.

Key terms science (15 decks)

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