Youth sport

Question 1

Participation peaks at a critical developmental period in the child’s life

Answer 1

age 12

Start to distinguish ability skill and luck

Question 2

Gender differences for motivation

Answer 2

Boys and girls have similar motives for involvement but these may vary in importance.

Generally what is in the to five is in the top five for both genders

Question 3

Peak participation age

Answer 3

10-13 years

Question 4

Task focus

Answer 4

Task focus- as long as I feel like I’m improving I will stay

Question 5

Significant withdraw

Answer 5

Other things to do.? Start a sport then withdraw

Usually going to another sport

Question 6

Sport vernal withdraw

Answer 6

Sport vernal withdraw- less frequency - withdraw from sport altogether

Question 7

Not learning skills not having fun, not filling my motives, if it’s strong important motive it only takes one

likely with

Answer 7

likely withHIGH ACHIEVERS

Question 8

Most of the motives children have are

Answer 8

intrinsic (e.g., to have fun, learn skills). Winning clearly is neither the only nor the most common motive for participation.

Question 9

Most young athletes have

Answer 9

multiple reasons for participation, not a single motive.

Question 10

most children withdraw because of

Answer 10

change of interests

a significant minority discontinue for negative reasons (e.g., lack of fun, pressure).

Question 11

Underlying the descriptive motive (e.g., fun) is

Answer 11

the child’s need to feel worthy.

Question 12

Enhanced perceived competence

Answer 12

teach young athletes to view success as exceeding their own goals, not merely as winning.

It’s ok to celebrate if you win as long as the focus is on self improvement

task orientation

Question 13

When children discontinue, rigorously analyze why they are withdrawing from sport.

Answer 13

-Interest in another sport?
– Did the child have a say in the decision? (Parents not wanting to drive them three times a week)

– Effects on long-term welfare?
(Health and welfare as they grow up to be members of out society=Longer you are in sport the more likely to carry out healthy lifestyle)

Question 14

Usually in top three motives

Answer 14

• Affiliation motive: Major motive that children have for sport participation
• Friends and the peer group are important motivators

Question 15

Peer

Answer 15

Individuals of equal standing, whether this is a function of age, or rank, or class

– People of similar athletic capabilities – Starting status
– Experiences regardless of age

Question 16

Relationship:

Answer 16

A history of interactions among individuals who are familiar to one another

Question 17

Popularity

Answer 17

Experience of being liked or accepted by one’s peers
– Group-level construct
– Social acceptance, peers status

Question 18

Friendship

Answer 18

Experience of a dyadic relationship that is mutual and close
– Bilateral in nature

Both agree that were friends. Well aware when it is mutual

Will affect perceived competence and withdraw rates

Question 19

Peers

• Positive influences:

Answer 19

Focus on intrinsic if you have a positive peer relationship

– Positive feelings toward PA
– Higher PA motivation
– Higher physical self-worth
– Lower stress
– Higher self-determined motivation 
– Continued participation

Question 20

Negative peer relationship

Answer 20

– Conflict-can affect motivation and effort or moving from one peer group to another
– Unattractive personal qualities-Don’t feel part of the peer group if you don’t get to have your say. People that are “ me me me me”
– Betrayal-Group will split into two smaller group
Redefine who my personal are, who I compare myself to
Not changing peer groups by choice
– Inaccessibility-You believe is your peer group but they don’t believe you are part of it
Perceive that I am the same as them but they don’t think your the same. Starter but the other starters don’t think your a starter

Differences between boys and girls ( women drag it out more)

Question 21

Weiss & Smith (1999)

Six aspects of sport friendship

Answer 21

– Self-esteem enhancement and supportiveness ( The more support I feel that I have the higher the self esteem percieved)
– Loyalty and intimacy(have friends in it)
– Things in common ( starting place to develop our friendship)
– Companionship and pleasant play (Companionship doesn’t matter on two way relationship, enjoying their company. Play)
– Conflict resolution (Strengthens relationship and competence and self esteem if they face challenge together and over come it)
– Conflict (Has to due with the quality of the friendship not if we are friends are not.

Low quality takes longer to find resolution and usually needs parent or coach involved)

Question 22

Curency shows your

Answer 22

competence

Look how competent I am I do all these sports.more sport experience is more currency and competence

Question 23

implications for Practitioners

Answer 23

• Provide time to be with friends
• Provide positive reinforcement
• Encourage respect between children
• Refrain from verbal aggression(Team shouldn’t look down on player for not wanting to do something, don’t allow bad behaviour to come out because it will just get worse)
• Teach conflict resolution
• Importance of teamwork and the pursuit of group goals should be emphasized

Question 24

Is state anxiety heightened in young athletes?

Answer 24

No the vast majority of youth athletes are not under excessive stress (less than 10%) but getting worse as a trend

Question 25

Stress among elite junior competitors is caused by

Answer 25

fear of failure and feelings of inadequacy.

Failure, outcome orientation
Punishment attached to failure, what are the consequences of failure, competence and external piece

Question 26

Children at risk for heightened state anxiety

Answer 26

High trait anxiety
Low self-esteem
Low performance expectancies relative to team
Low self-performance expectations (Choose easy challenge)
Frequent worries about failure

Question 27

Situation sources of stress

Answer 27

Defeat versus victory:
Event importance:
Sport type:

Question 28

Defeat versus victory:

Answer 28

Children experience more state anxiety after losing than winning.

Question 29

Event importance:

Answer 29

The more importance placed on a contest, the more state anxiety experienced by participants.

Question 30

Sport type:

Answer 30

Children in individual sports experience more state anxiety than children in team sports

Worse stress and anxiety for losing on individual