Competition Flashcards
direction of causality
refers to whether cohesion leads to performance success or performance success leads to cohesion
Coakley definition of competition
A social process that occurs when rewards are given to people for how their performance compares with the performances of others during the same task or when participating in the same event.
Coakley definition of cooperation
A social process through which performance is evaluated and rewarded in terms of the collective achievement of a group of people working together to reach a particular goal.
Competition process
Stage 1: An objective competitive situation
Stage 2: The subjective competitive situation
Stage 3: Response
Stage 4: Consequences
Stage 1: An objective competitive situation
is a situation in which performance is compared with some standard of excellence in the presence of at least one other person who is aware of the comparison.
Stage 2: The subjective competitive situation
is how the person perceives, accepts, and appraises the objective competitive situation (influenced by personality factors such as competitiveness).
In the setting, how do I feel about this and how does it fit with my personal goals
Stage3:Response
is whether a person approaches or avoids an objective competitive situation (at the behavioral, physiological, and psychological levels)
physiology co-ordinated or clumbsy, affecting ability
Stage 4: Consequences
Depending on (+) or (-) Perception of consequence is more important than the actual consequence
motive
Cooperation increases group harmony & productivity
but what does this depend on
dependant on environment, depend what you need as a result Work place, need employee’s to work together
When does competition become bad
When winning is the only thing that matters
Sacrifice ethics
fair play, not everyone gets to play, should be developing skill at this age
Position is based on skill today, not what they could be in the future
Competition encourages..
you to work harder- bring you best
Thrill, more options to compete
Pride, status
can serve as a positive source of motivation to improve and refine skills.
high achiever - use competitive environment as motivator
the more independent the task
the less cooperation need for superior performance
Cooperation as opposed to competition produces
superior performance, although results may depend on the nature of the task.
Attributes Related to Both Competition and Cooperation
Garfield A sense of mission • Strong work ethic • Use of resources • A strong preparation ethic • A love of challenge and change • Great teamwork
Competitive means—competitive ends
For example, King of the Mountain, 100-yard dash
cooperative means—competitive ends
soccer, basketball
Individual means—individual ends
calisthenics, cross-country skiing
Cooperative means—individual ends:
helping each other individually improve
Cooperative means—cooperative ends:
keeping a volleyball from hitting ground
Change the rule of the game
in order to increase opportunity for cooperation
Change the rules, everyone involved - always moving, more opportunity to participate then waiting your turn(maximize participation)
Dont keep score
Tell the children that we dont value the score as much as something else
Give positive feedback
Give positive feedback and criticism when appropriate . Dont only focus negative, only stars get positive feedback
Maximize opportunities for success.
Not using social comparison, but self comparison to improve skill
Provide opportunities for youngsters to play different positions.
All levels of skill/ ability the chance to show success
Make sure all players are learning all skills not just for their role at the time
Guidelines for Balancing Competition and Cooperation
- Blend competition and cooperation when teaching and coaching physical skills.
- Individualize instruction to meet each person’s needs.
- Structure games for children to include both competitive and cooperative elements.
- When competition leads to fierce rivalry, use superordinate goals to get the groups together.
- Provide positive feedback and encouragement to students and athletes regardless of the outcomes of the competition.
- Stress cooperation to produce trust and open communication.
- Provide opportunities for both the learning of sport skills and the practice of these skills in competition.
Blend competition and cooperation when …
teaching and coaching physical skills.
Individualize instruction to meet each person’s needs.
Youth coaches should have more teaching then elite coaches- More work to create individualized instruction, add rules to add cooperative element
When competition leads to fierce rivalry, use
superordinate goals to get the groups together
Specific goals in order to be succesful
regardless of the outcomes of the competition…
Provide positive feedback and encouragement to students and athletes
Picking up on post game routine regardless of a win or loss- talk about effort/ skill (control)
Stress cooperation to produce
trust and open communication.
Vital for team cohesion - learn cooperation from team games
Provide opportunities for both
the learning of sport skills and the practice of these skills in competition.
