Youth Deviance And Social Class

Question 1

Working class deviance theorists

Answer 1

Coles
Walmsley et as
Jacobson et al
Youth lifestyles survey

Question 2

Middle class deviance theorists

Answer 2

Graham and bowling

Messerschmidt

Question 3

Deviant subcultures theorists

Answer 3

Cloward and Ohlin - criminal subcultures

Decker and Van Winke - gangs

White - gangs

Lea and young

Sewell- criminal subcultures

Nightingale/ bourgois - criminal subcultures

Question 4

Anti school subcultures theorists

Answer 4

• Willis
• Mac an Ghaill
• Jackson
• Lacey
• Brown
• Raey

Question 5

Statistics which support the findings

Answer 5

• home office 2012/13 - 21% of young people in custody were black (yet this ethnic background only accounts for 3% of the population)
• home office 2009/10- black youths are 7x more likely to be stopped and searched and 3x more likely to be arrested than white people (mixed = 2x as likely)
• Arrests for Asian youths increased by 13% over the past 5 years

Question 6

Lea and young (new left realism)

Answer 6

Claim that UK crime is intra- racial meaning that it takes place in ethnic communities. This means that most crime committed by young black males is against other black males

Claim that racially motivated crime is much rarer and when this is understood, explanations for the higher rates of black criminality can be sought from within the black community (issues such as street culture/ poverty/ deprivation must be considered as explanations)

Question 7

Nightingale

Answer 7

(agrees with Cloward and Ohlin)

Studied black boys in an inner city area of Philadelphia.
Suggested that deviant subcultures emerged because young men wanted to be part of mainstream American culture but were rejected by this culture.

Black children watched American Tv (emphasis on consumerism) but at the same time were excluded from participating due to their social and economic situation.

In response - got consumer goods with high status, brand names and logos ( obtain these through violence/ gangs and crime)

The study shows how deviant subcultures are formed as a response to not being able to achieve shared goals of society legally

Question 8

Phillip Bourgois

Answer 8

Agrees with Nightingale and Cloward and Ohlin

• studied Latino and African American drug dealers in New York.
• discussed the anguish of growing up poor in the richest city in the world - creates inner city street culture when deviant subcultures become the norm. (Drug dealing = a way of surviving and achieving respect)

Bourgois saw it as understandable that youths in these delinquent subcultures and gangs did not work for minimum wage when there was a million dollar industry in their door step

Question 9

What is institutional racism??

Answer 9

Any form of racism occurring specifically within institutions (such as the police- allows racist officers against ethnic minorities)

Question 10

Hall (institutional racism)

Answer 10

Argues that racism within the police force and the criminalisation of the black community by the media has led to ethnic minorities being over-presented in crime statistics.

Question 11

Bloom-cooper and Drabble (institutional racism)

Answer 11

Found that when similar acts were commuted, black people were more likely to be charged with more serious forms of the offence than white people

Question 12

Hood

Answer 12

Found that black people were more likely to receive custodial sentences for crimes with alternative punishments such as fines, community service