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Yoga Teacher Training > Yoga Anatomy > Flashcards

Yoga Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The 11 biological systems in the human body

A
  1. Cardiovascular/Circulatory
  2. Digestive/Excretory
  3. Endocrine
  4. Integumentary/Exocrine
  5. Lymphatic/Immune
  6. Renal/Urinary
  7. Reproductive
  8. Respiratory
  9. Nervous
  10. Skeletal
  11. Muscular
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2
Q

Number of bones in the Appendicular System

A

126

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3
Q

Number of bones in the Axial Skeleton

A

80

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4
Q

Components of the Appendicular Skeleton

A

Pelvic girdle, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, upper limbs

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5
Q

Components of the Axial skeleton

A

Vertebral column, rib cage, sternum, skull, hyoid

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6
Q

Function of the Appendicular skeleton

A

~Walking, running and other movement

~Protect the major organs responsible for digestion, excretion and reproduction

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7
Q

Function of the Axial Skeleton

A

Transmits weight from the head, trunk and upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the hip joints. Therefore helps maintain upright posture

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8
Q

5 Types of Bones

A
  1. Flat Bone
  2. Irregular Bone
  3. Sesamoid Bone
  4. Long Bone
  5. Short Bone
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9
Q

Types of Joints

A
  1. Synarthrosis Joints
  2. Amphiarthrosis Joints
  3. Synovial Joints
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10
Q

5 Types of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Ball and Socket
  2. Hinge
  3. Gliding
  4. Pivot
  5. Saddle
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11
Q

The 3 Joints of the Pelvis

A
  1. Sacroiliac Joint (SI Joint)
  2. Acetabulofemoral Joint
  3. Public Symphysis
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12
Q

Ligaments of the elbow

A
  1. Annular ligaments

2. Medial collateral ligament

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13
Q

3 Types of Muscles

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth/Visceral
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14
Q

7 Muscle Shapes

A
  1. Bipennate
  2. Multipennate
  3. Parallel fusiform
  4. Parallel
  5. Unipennate
  6. Convergent
  7. Circular
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15
Q

4 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle

A
  1. Contractility (can shorten up to 2/3)
  2. Extensibility (can extend 1.5 times its length)
  3. Excitability (can receive abd respond to stimulus)
  4. Elasticity (can return to original shape and length)
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16
Q

5 Sections of the Spine

A
  1. Cervical (lordosis)
  2. Thoracic (kyphosis)
  3. Lumbar (lordosis)
  4. Sacral (kyphosis)
  5. Coccyx
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17
Q

Number of Skeletal muscles in the human body (estimate)

A

Over 600

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18
Q

11 Functions of muscle (all types)

A
  1. Move bones (to move body)
  2. Generate heat
  3. Protect underlying structures of the body
  4. Maintain posture
  5. Circulate blood throughout the body
  6. Controls heartbeat
  7. Controls breathing
  8. Controls digestion
  9. Controls vision
  10. Controls urination
  11. Controls childbirth
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19
Q

4 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle

A
  1. Generally attached to bones
  2. Creates movement at joints
  3. Striated appearance
  4. Under voluntary control
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20
Q

3 Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle

A
  1. Located at the heart
  2. Striated appearance
  3. Involuntary action
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21
Q

3 Characteristics of Visceral/Smooth Muscle

A
  1. Located in the blood vessels, airways and Visceral organs
  2. Not striated
  3. Involuntary action
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22
Q

Skeletal Muscle Anatomy (4 subsections)

A
  1. Muscle tissue is made up of bundles of fascicles
  2. Fascicles are made up of muscle fibres
  3. Muscle fibres are made of myofibrils
  4. Myofibrils are made of thick and thin filaments
    4a - Filaments = twisted strands of molecules that create contractions
  • Each bundle in each stage is surrounded by connective tissue which come together at the end to create tendons and ligaments
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23
Q

Define agonists

A

Muscles that initiate joint action of each other

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24
Q

Define antagonists

A

Muscles that oppose the joint action of each other (eg biceps and triceps)

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25
Q

Define synergist

A
  1. Muscles that support and modulate the agonist-antagonist dynamic
  2. Minimise excessive movement at the joint
  3. Stabilise one part of the body to support the movement in another part
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26
Q

Define Fixator

A
  1. Supports and protects the joint

2. Initiates precision of movement

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27
Q

Define monoarticular muscle

A
  1. Crosses only one joint
  2. Support articulation and discrimination at each joint
  3. Essential for alignment of each joint
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28
Q

Define Polyarticular Muscles

A
  1. Crosses two or more joints
  2. Integrate the limbs into the torso
  3. Help us transfer weight effectively
  4. Coordinate sophisticated shape changes in torso
  • Muscles in the hands and feet cross 9 joints
  • Spinal muscles cross 12-15 joints
  • Diaphragm crosses over 100 joints
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29
Q

2 Types of isotonic contractions

A
  1. Concentric

2. Eccentric

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30
Q

2 Main types of Muscular contractions

A
  1. Isometric (holding)
  2. Isotonic (moving)
    2a) Concentric: muscle fibres shorten (eg bicep curl towards body)
    2b) Eccentric: muscle fibres lengthen (eg bicep curl away from body)
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31
Q

Define Origin of muscle

A

Where muscle starts

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32
Q

Define Insertion of Muscle

A

Where muscle ends

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33
Q

4 Types of Stretching

A
  1. Active Static Stretching (Contract the antagonist muscle to signal the target muscle to relax. Eg engage quads in a forward fold)
  2. Passive Stretch (Relax into a stretch using only the force of the body weight to stretch muscles)
  3. Facilitated Stretching (Contracting the muscle being stretched during an active static stretch)
  4. Dynamic Stretching (Repetitive movements of the body into increasingly deeper stretches)
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34
Q

Define Bhumikas

A

“Floor/Degree”

  • The 7 Bhumikas are steps of development and consciousness
  • They are 7 stages towards enlightenment
  • Yoga Sutra 2.27 (Sadhana Pada): This path to enlightenment has seven steps
35
Q

List the 7 Bhumikas

A
  1. Subheccha - Longing for the Truth or Desire for Liberation/Enlightenment
  2. Vicarana/Vichara - Self inquiry, Self study
  3. Tanumanasa - Attenuation of mental activities, Controlling the mind
  4. Sattvapatti - Attainment of sattva, inner happiness
  5. Asamsaki - No desire, non-attachment
  6. Padartha abhavana - Non-perception
  7. Turiya - Enlightenment
36
Q

Characteristics of Long Bones

A
  1. Has a shaft and 2 ends
  2. Thick outside layer of compact bone
  3. Inner medullary cavity containing bone marrow
  4. Ends contain spongy bone and an epiphyseal line
  5. Longer than they are wide
37
Q

What is the function of long bones?

A
  1. Strength
  2. Structure
  3. Support weight
  4. Facilitate movement
38
Q

Where are most long bones located?

A

Appendicular skeleton

-All the bones of the arms and legs, metacarpals and metatarsals (not patella)

39
Q

What is the function of short bones?

A
  • Stability

- Some movement

40
Q

Characteristics of short bones

A
  1. As long as they are wide
  2. Contain mostly spongy bone
  3. Outside = thin layer of compact bone
41
Q

Where are short bones located?

A

Carpals and Tarsals

42
Q

What is the purpose of flat bones?

A
  1. Protect organs

2. Broad surfaces for muscular attachment

43
Q

Characteristics of flat bones

A
  1. Thin and flat
  2. Sometimes have a slight curve
  3. Layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone
44
Q

Where are flat bones located?

A
  1. Skull (occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer)
  2. Rib Cage (Ribs, sternum)
  3. Pelvis (Ilium, ishium, pubis)
45
Q

What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?

A
  1. Modify pressure
  2. Diminish friction
  3. Protect tendons from stress and wear
46
Q

Characteristics of sesamoid bones

A
  1. Embedded in tendons

2. Small, rounded bones

47
Q

Where are sesamoid bones located?

A
  • Commonly in hands, feet, and the pattellae

* Number and placement varies from person to person

48
Q

What is the purpose of irregular bones?

A

Protect internal organs

49
Q

Characteristics of irregular bones

A
  1. Fairly complex shape

2. Consists of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone

50
Q

Where are irregular bones located?

A

Irregular bones of the pelvis

Irregular bones of the skull and vertebral collumn

51
Q

How many bones are there in the skull?

A

22

  • 8 in the cranium
  • 14 in the facial area
52
Q

Which areas of the vertebrae do we have the most range of motion?

A

Where the different section meet (i.e. meeting point between cervical and thoracic vertebrae)

53
Q

What is the function of the spine?

A

Protect the spinal cord

54
Q

What makes the human spine unique (different from other mammals)?

A

It has both primary and secondary curves

55
Q

What does the primary curve of the spine refer to?

A

KYPHOTIC CURVE

  • Thoracic
  • Sacral
56
Q

What does the secondary curve of the spine refer to?

A

LORDOTIC CURVE

  • Cervical
  • Lumbar
57
Q

What features of the spine allows it to be both strong and flexible?

A
  • Anterior column of the vertebral bodies for weight-bearing

- Posterior column of arches to deal with the forces of movement

58
Q

How many bones are in the cervical spine?

59
Q

What makes C1 and C2 special?

A

C1 (atlas) - serves as a ring/washer that the skull rests upon, articulates (has a joint with) the dens/odontoid process of C2 (axis)

60
Q

Which section of the spine is the most mobile (flexible)?

A

Cervical Spine

61
Q

What is the section of the spine that forms the neck?

A

Cervical Spine

62
Q

What type of joint is C1 and C2?

A

Pivot joint

63
Q

What type of curve does the cervical spine have?

A

Lordosis (concave)

64
Q

List 3 conditions of the cervical spine

A
  1. Cervical Stenosis
  2. Injury to the facet joints
  3. Cervical Spondylosis
65
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine?

66
Q

True or False: For each thoracic vertebrae, there is a corresponding rib

67
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • Facets on the sides of the bodies (to articulate with the heads of the ribs)
  • Facets on the transverse processes of all except T11 and T12 (to articulate with tubercles of the ribs)
68
Q

List 3 Conditions of the Thoracic Spine

A
  1. Kyphosis
  2. Herniated Thoracic Disc
  3. Scoliosis
69
Q

What type of curve does the thoracic spine have?

A

Kyphosis (Convex)

70
Q

What type of curve does the lumbar spine have?

A

Lordosis (Concave)

71
Q

Which vertebrae are the most prone to degredation and injury (and why)?

A

L4, L5, S1 (and the discs between them)

Because they bear the most weight

72
Q

Which section of the spine bears the most weight?

A

Lumbar Spine

73
Q

How many Lumbar Vertebrae are there?

74
Q

What type of curve does the sacral vertebrae have?

A

Kyphosis (Convex)

75
Q

What is significant about the lumbosacral joint? (L5-S1)

A

Allows for consderable rotation, so that the pelvis and hips may swing when walking and running

76
Q

What part of the spine forms the lower back?

A

Lumbar Spine

77
Q

Which section of the spine supports the weight of the body?

A

Lumbar Spine

78
Q

9 Conditions of the Lumbar Spine

A
  1. Lordosis
  2. Scoliosis
  3. Muscular Problems
  4. Degenerated Discs
  5. Lumbar Disc Herniations
  6. Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
  7. Spondylolisthesis
  8. Osteoarthritis
  9. Lumbar Stenosis
79
Q

How many vertebrae are in the sacral spine?

A

Five

S1-S5

80
Q

How many vertebrae form the coccyx?

81
Q

What is the function of the coccyx?

A
  • Help support the weight of the upper body when seated

- Attachment point for many muscles

82
Q

How many ribs do we have?

A

12 sets (24 total)

  • 7 ribs connect to sternum
  • 3 ribs connect to costal cartilage of rib above
  • 2 floating ribs (connect only at back)
83
Q

Function of ribs

A
  • Encloses and protects the heart and lungs

- Provides strong framework for attachment of muscles (of shoulder girdle, chest, upper abdomen, back)

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