Yi Unit 9 Flashcards
Martin Luther King, Jr. 8.7
Martin Luther King Jr was an African American civil rights leader in the U.S in the 1950s and 1960s. He used court decisions like Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas, that banned forced racial segregation in schools in the US. He also boycotted public buses in Montgomery, Alabama from 1955-1956 to end segregation in public transit. He led massive marches, like the 250,000-person March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1964. He helped to provided the foundation for the movement’s biggest successes, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1965.
Various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900 increased and intensified conflict, nonviolent movements, and civilian attacks. Many groups and people like Francisco Franco and Augusto Pinochet intensified conflict, while people like Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr, and Nelson Mandela turned to nonviolent practices. However, groups like the Shining Path and Al-Qaeda used attacks against civilians to achieve their goals, while the military usually responded to these conflicts with tactics that increased the conflict.
Nelson Mandela 8.7
Nelson Mandela fought against social injustice by fighting against apartheid, which was the systemic oppression of black South Africans. It restricted black South Africans from different schools, kept them from moving around freely and living in the same city, made it so they had to have passes to enter white areas, and banned mixed marriages. Nelson Mandela was one of the main leaders that pushed for the end of apartheid and was subsequently imprisoned for life. However, due to public support, he was freed and led the African National Congress (ANC) where he was able to vote for president. He became the first black South African president and set up the Truth and Reconciliation Commision (TRC) to restore trust in a multiracial South Africa.
Various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900 increased and intensified conflict, nonviolent movements, and civilian attacks. Many groups and people like Francisco Franco and Augusto Pinochet intensified conflict, while people like Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr, and Nelson Mandela turned to nonviolent practices. However, groups like the Shining Path and Al-Qaeda used attacks against civilians to achieve their goals, while the military usually responded to these conflicts with tactics that increased the conflict.
New modes of communication 9.1
Beginning from 1900, there were several new modes of communication like television, radios, and long distance phone calls. However, beginning from the 1990s, mobile technologies like cellphones assisted in a greater spread of communication, especially through social media and other social networking sites.
The development of new technologies changed the world from 1900 to the present by allowing for communication to be spread a long distance using new innovations like radios, cellphones, the internet, airplanes, and shipping containers. There were also discovery of new medical innovations like vaccines, birth control, and antibiotics, along with the use of GMOs, pesticides, and fertilizers during the Green Revolution to sustain the increased longevity of lives. There was also new energy technologies like petroleum and nuclear energy, that allowed for an increase in productivity and production of goods.
Green Revolution 9.1
The Green Revolution was the start of the use of GMOs in food, that help us to produce more food due to longer living generations of people. It was a long-term response to world hunger, but GMOs, fertilizers, and pesticides that were used to keep food longer damaged the environment.
The development of new technologies changed the world from 1900 to the present by allowing for communication to be spread a long distance using new innovations like radios, cellphones, the internet, airplanes, and shipping containers. There were also discovery of new medical innovations like vaccines, birth control, and antibiotics, along with the use of GMOs, pesticides, and fertilizers during the Green Revolution to sustain the increased longevity of lives. There was also new energy technologies like petroleum and nuclear energy, that allowed for an increase in productivity and production of goods.
Medical Innovations (include vaccines and antibiotics) 9.1
There were several medical innovations like vaccines, antibiotics, and birth control that were introduced, beginning from the 1900s. Antibiotics were first discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming who had discovered penicillin, which went on to become the first antibiotic. Antibiotics prevented casualties for soldiers during World War II, who would have previously died due to infection.They were also used to treat different varieties of illnesses. Vaccines were widely distributed after the 1900 to prevent the spread of deadly diseases like polio and measles, and eventually eradicate them. Birth Control was widely spread in 1960, and it caused a decrease in fertility rate, and a way for women to equalize gender roles.
The development of new technologies changed the world from 1900 to the present by allowing for communication to be spread a long distance using new innovations like radios, cellphones, the internet, airplanes, and shipping containers. There were also discovery of new medical innovations like vaccines, birth control, and antibiotics, along with the use of GMOs, pesticides, and fertilizers during the Green Revolution to sustain the increased longevity of lives. There was also new energy technologies like petroleum and nuclear energy, that allowed for an increase in productivity and production of goods.
Covid-19 Pandemic 9.2
The Covid-19 Pandemic was a virus that was first discovered in 2019, but widely spread and became a pandemic in 2020. Once it erratically spread, everything shut down and people went into lockdown. People wore masks and took many preventative measures to combat the virus. Eventually, a vaccine for the virus was created and distributed amongst the world.
Environmental factors affected human population over time by allowing for diseases to persist due to the environment someone lives in, and the increased longevity of life allowed for diseases associated with longer lives to appear. Diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, and polio were all diseases associated with poverty, while heart disease and alzheimer’s disease were diseases associated with an increased longevity of life.
Diseases of poverty 9.2
Poor conditions and poverty contributed for the persistence of diseases, even when vaccine and cures existed. Some examples of diseases of poverty is malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, and polio. They all spread rapidly because of close contact and contamination from the poor living conditions the people in poverty had to face, and upwards of 95,000 people were infected them.
Environmental factors affected human population over time by allowing for diseases to persist due to the environment someone lives in, and the increased longevity of life allowed for diseases associated with longer lives to appear. Diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, and polio were all diseases associated with poverty, while heart disease and alzheimer’s disease were diseases associated with an increased longevity of life.
Diseases of longevity 9.2
Due to the increase of living standards, people began to live longer, thus introducing a variety of diseases that showed up in the later parts of life. Heart disease is associated with the lifestyle, genetics, and increased longevity of a person. The main way to combat heart disease was a heart transplant that was discovered in 1967. Another way to temporarily combat heart disease was using an artificial heart until they can receive a heart transplant. Alzheimer’s disease was also a disease associated with longevity. It causes a progressive memory loss that eventually leads to death, and is most common in elderly and some middle-aged people.
Environmental factors affected human population over time by allowing for diseases to persist due to the environment someone lives in, and the increased longevity of life allowed for diseases associated with longer lives to appear. Diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, and polio were all diseases associated with poverty, while heart disease and alzheimer’s disease were diseases associated with an increased longevity of life.
Causes of environmental change 9.3
There were a variety of factors that contributed to environmental change like population growth, urbanization, and globalization and industrialization. The population had rapidly grown from 1900 to 2000, so there was a larger demand for food and resources. Some major effects of using land to grow crops to keep up with the growing population are deforestation, soil erosion, and a reduction in size of habitats for animals and plants. Overfishing in the ocean because of population growth led to the near extinction of several fishes. Urbanization also leads to farmers using methods that erode and deplete the soil or clear forests to keep up with the rapidly urbanizing country. Globalization and Industrialization used the world’s natural resources in large amounts, which can deplete the amount and contribute to pollution.
Some causes and effects of environmental changes in the period from 1900 to the present is human activity that led to changes in the environment like deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality, an increase in the consumption of fresh water, and the release of pollutants and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These all contributed to the debates about the environment and climate change.
Economic Liberalization 9.4
Economic Liberation was the liberation of a country’s economy. An example of this is the Eastern Bloc nations who had been under Soviet rule, could suddenly trade freely with capitalist and democratic countries. India and other non-aligned countries had also relaxed their restrictions on trade.
Some changes in the global economy from 1900 to the present are the introduction and encouragement of a free-market economy, and an increase and proportion of economic liberalization. Some continuities in the global economy was the continuous growth of the knowledge economy and the industrial and manufacturing economy.
Deng Xiaoping 9.4
Deng Xiaoping was a Chinese leader who made economic liberation occur in China. Once he had come to power, the Chinese Communist Party strayed away from economic equality, and began to strive for economic growth. He had a policy that was called “Let some people get rich first.” To open up the economy, the government replaced communes with peasant-leased plots of land for peasants to grow crops and sell them, and lead to a surplus of agricultural goods rather than famine. They also allowed for factories to produce more goods for consumers, encouraged foreign companies to set up factories in China, and reopened Shanghai’s stock market and allowed private ownership for some businesses. Some people believed that the change should not only be economic but also political, and freedom of speech and press should be allowed. Due to this, a large peaceful student-led demonstration was performed in Tiananmen Square, but was met with resistance from the government with tanks and guns, killing hundreds.
Some changes in the global economy from 1900 to the present are the introduction and encouragement of a free-market economy, and an increase and proportion of economic liberalization. Some continuities in the global economy was the continuous growth of the knowledge economy and the industrial and manufacturing economy.
Knowledge Economy 9.4
A knowledge economy is a type of economy that creates, distributes, and uses knowledge and information. This came to be due to an increase in communications technology to spread information. Some examples of people who have jobs in knowledge economies are designers, engineers, and teachers.
Some changes in the global economy from 1900 to the present are the introduction and encouragement of a free-market economy, and an increase and proportion of economic liberalization. Some continuities in the global economy was the continuous growth of the knowledge economy and the industrial and manufacturing economy.
World Trade Organization (include anti- WTO protests) 9.4, 9.7
The World Trade Organization was an organization that controlled tariffs between the countries that had signed the GATT, and governed 90% of all international trade. Many of their members were representing corporate interests, and their rules favored trade over moral issues and concerns. The “Battle of Seattle” was a protest against the World Trade Organization at a WTO conference in Seattle. There were more than 40,000 protesters that consisted of labor unions, family farmers, student groups environmentalists disturbed and shut down the WTO’s meeting, and brought attention towards the issues of the new global economy. There was a surplus of anti-WTO demonstrations all over the world.
Some changes in the global economy from 1900 to the present are the introduction and encouragement of a free-market economy, and an increase and proportion of economic liberalization. Some continuities in the global economy was the continuous growth of the knowledge economy and the industrial and manufacturing economy.
There were various responses to increasing globalization from the 1900 to the present like Anti-IMF and Anti-World Bank activism which was a response to economic globalization, and the use of locally developed social media like Weibo in China, which was a response to cultural globalization.
Multinational Corporations 9.4
A multinational corporation is a corporation that makes or sells product in other countries than the one it is legally incorporated with. Some examples of multinational corporations are the British East India Company, Microsoft, and Google. Many modern day multinational corporations take advantage of the knowledge economy and manufacturing and industrializing economy.
Some changes in the global economy from 1900 to the present are the introduction and encouragement of a free-market economy, and an increase and proportion of economic liberalization. Some continuities in the global economy was the continuous growth of the knowledge economy and the industrial and manufacturing economy.
ASEAN 9.4
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) was an organization that consisted of countries in Southeast Asia. It was created to stop the spread of communism amongst Southeast Asian countries, and to grow the countries economies. They contributed to the growth of global economy after World War II.
Some changes in the global economy from 1900 to the present are the introduction and encouragement of a free-market economy, and an increase and proportion of economic liberalization. Some continuities in the global economy was the continuous growth of the knowledge economy and the industrial and manufacturing economy.
