Yi Unit 8 Flashcards
Cold War 8.1
The Cold War was a war between Communism (the USSR) and Democratic Capitalism (U.S). It was developed at the end of World War II and was known as the Cold War because it was fought throw a series of proxy wars rather than actual fighting between the USSR and the US. The Cold War advanced in nuclear weapons, as both the U.S and Soviet Union had them. They created intercontinental ballistic missiles and smaller nuclear weapons. Rather than the nuclear weapons being used for war, they were used as deterrents. There were also satellites that were sent to space by the Soviets, which led to the Space Race.
The historical context of the Cold War after 1945 is that following World War II, there was an increase in anti-imperialist movements that dissolved empires and restructured states, along with technological and economic gains in World War II that shifted the global balance of power towards the victorious nations.
Non-Aligned Movement 8.2
While the Cold War was occurring, many smaller countries wanted to stay out of it, and gain independence. Thus, the Non-Aligned movement was created. However, many non-aligned countries allied with stronger powers while fighting each other, making the non-aligned movement ineffective. Many non-aligned countries also attempted to combine their support for stronger international institutions to try and further their own interests.
The causes and consequences of the ideological struggle of the Cold War was the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union coming out of World War II as superpowers, but both countries differed in their ideologies. The Soviet Union followed authoritarian communism, while the United States followed a democratic and capitalist rule.
Kwame Nkrumah 8.2, 8.5
Kwame Nkrumah led Ghana to become independent from Great Britain in 1957 and became a respected leader in Africa. He also advocated for unity between African countries. Pan Africanism is the idea of a common African identity between the states in Africa. It was led by Kwame Nkrumah who wanted to unite Africa to become a large power against foreign nations.
The causes and consequences of the ideological struggle of the Cold War was the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union coming out of World War II as superpowers, but both countries differed in their ideologies. The Soviet Union followed authoritarian communism, while the United States followed a democratic and capitalist rule.
The processes by which various people pursued independence included non-violent movements, regional movements, religious movements, ethnic movements, negotiations, anf armed struggles. Some examples of negotiations and armed struggles are India’s independence from Britain through negotiation, and Algeria’s independence from France through war and armed conflict. Some regional, religious, and wthnic movements include the Muslim league and Biafra secessionist.
Proxy Wars (Korean War and Angolan Civil War) 8.3
Proxy Wars are wars fought in other smaller countries as a stand-in for wars between two larger powers. One proxy war was the Korean War, where the North was backed by the Soviet Union and the South was backed by the US. It ended in a stalemate and both sides of the country remain divided. The Angolan Civil War was a proxy war there were three different tribes, Mbundu, Ovimbundu, and Bakongo, who were all backed by different world powers. Mbundu was backed by the USSR and Cuba, Ovimbundu was backed by South Africa, and the Bakongo tribe was backed by the US. It was a 27-year civil war that ended in 2002 with a ceasefire.
The ways the United States and the Soviet Union sought to maintain influence over the course of the Cold War was similar, as they both produced a new military alliance in NATO and the Warsaw Pact, which led to nuclear proliferation and proxy wars in places like Korea, Angola, and Nicaragua.
Communist Revolution in China 8.4
Communism began in China with the victory of Mao Zedong in the communist war. He has an abundance of public support, not only the lower and working class. This was because the Qing Dynasty which was ethnically different from the Han Dynasty was criticized for being pro-European and pro-imperialism in China and overthrown. They supported Mao Zedong because they didn’t want another leader who was in favor of working with the west. The CCP was also promoting a lot of gender rights and women’s rights, and Mao Zedong was praised for resisting Japanese occupation.
China’s adoption of communism was caused as a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, which caused Chinese communists to seize power and eventually lead to the communist revolution. Communism in CHina ed to the government controlling the national economy and implementing repressive policies with negative impacts on the population.
Great Leap Forward 8.4
The Great Leap Forward was a policy in China that employed a series of different land reforms. Communes were formed from peasant lands and were large agricultural communities that were owned by the state. The people who protested the Great Leap Forward were sent to “reeducation camps” or killed. There were many failures in harvesting, which caused severe food shortages. Because of this, China continued to export grain from Africa and Cuba while trying to convince the outside world of their successes. In the end, about 20 million people died of starvation and the policy was abandoned.
China’s adoption of communism was caused as a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, which caused Chinese communists to seize power and eventually lead to the communist revolution. Communism in CHina ed to the government controlling the national economy and implementing repressive policies with negative impacts on the population.
Communist Revolution for Vietnamese Independence 8.4
Vietnam wrote a Declaration of Independence similar to the U.S Declaration of Independence with the hopes of the U.S backing them in their push for independence. Initially, the US had backed them, but decided not to in fear of losing France as an ally. Thus, Vietnam turned to communism under the leadership of Ho Chi Min
The causes and effects of movements to redistribute economic resources was the movement to redistribute the resources within Africa, Asia, and Latin America, while at times advocating for communism or socialism. Some examples include the Communist Revolution for Vietnam Independence and the White Revolution in Iran.
Decolonization 8.5
There was a rise of decolonization after 1900, which was where leaders and groups from colonized areas challenged the colonial rule to gain independence. One cause for decolonization is the breakdown of empires after World War I and World War II, which led to the decline of imperialism from those empires. There were colonies in South Africa, Canada, Australia, and Canada gained independence from Great Britain from fighting alongside them in World War I. However, the majority of independence and decolonization happened after World War II. At the end of World War II, there was a post-war recession in Europe, which allowed the colonies to push for independence because the home nations did not have enough money to go to war. Another reason that Europe was heading for decolonization is that Europe was essentially getting colonized by Germany and preached for self-determination, just like the colonies.
The processes by which various people pursued independence included non-violent movements, regional movements, religious movements, ethnic movements, negotiations, anf armed struggles. Some examples of negotiations and armed struggles are India’s independence from Britain through negotiation, and Algeria’s independence from France through war and armed conflict. Some regional, religious, and wthnic movements include the Muslim league and Biafra secessionist.
Indian National Congress 8.5
The Indian National Congress was formed in the 19th century as a way to attempt to gain independence from Britain, which had colonial rule over them. In 1920, the leader of the Indian National Congress was Mohandas Gandhi, who used nonviolent methods to gain independence, and the Indian National Congress remained a powerful government force after Indian independence.
The processes by which various people pursued independence included non-violent movements, regional movements, religious movements, ethnic movements, negotiations, anf armed struggles. Some examples of negotiations and armed struggles are India’s independence from Britain through negotiation, and Algeria’s independence from France through war and armed conflict. Some regional, religious, and wthnic movements include the Muslim league and Biafra secessionist.
Muslim League 8.5
During the time of the Indian National Congress, both Hindu and Muslim groups united by their desire to rid the British from India. The Muslim League was a league created in 1906 that called for a separate nation from India for Indian Muslims.
The processes by which various people pursued independence included non-violent movements, regional movements, religious movements, ethnic movements, negotiations, anf armed struggles. Some examples of negotiations and armed struggles are India’s independence from Britain through negotiation, and Algeria’s independence from France through war and armed conflict. Some regional, religious, and wthnic movements include the Muslim league and Biafra secessionist.
Partition of India 8.6
The Partition of India was created when the British divided India into a mostly Hindu India and mostly Muslims Pakistan. Many Hindus in Pakistan fled to India, and many Muslims in India fled to Pakistan, creating chaos and violence along the way. Because of this political and religious turmoil, between 500,000 and one million people died. The area of Kashmir was dominated by Muslims, but led by a Hindu leader, which caused further turmoil between Pakistan and India, as both were fighting for the same area.
Political changes in the period from 1900 to the present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments because as colonial powers began to back out of colonial territories, new political borders were drawn and new states were created. This often led to conflicts and displacement of population, as shown in the Partition of India and the creation of Israel.
Creation of Israel 8.6
After World War II, the UN divided Palestine into a Jewish side and Arab side, and the Jewish side became Israel because many Zionist proclaimed that it was their land for their ancestors had lived there. Immediate conflict between the Jews and the Arabs emerged. Israel was backed by the US, while Palestine was backed by neighboring Arab countries, constituting cease-fires and invasions. Because of the conflict between Israel and Palestine, a truce was created, which led to 400,000 Palestinians becoming refugees who lived in camps at the Israeli border.
Political changes in the period from 1900 to the present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments because as colonial powers began to back out of colonial territories, new political borders were drawn and new states were created. This often led to conflicts and displacement of population, as shown in the Partition of India and the creation of Israel.
Metropole 8.6
A metropole is a large city or country that formerly held and ruled colonies. An example of a metropole is London, for people from their former colonies like India, Pakistan, and Palestine immigrated there during the chaos of World War II.
The economic changes and continuities that resulted from the process of decolonization is that governments began to take on a larger role in the economy to promote development. There was also the migration of people from colonies who migrated to metropoles in the colonizing country, because it still had cultural and economic ties between the colony and metropole.
Mohandas Gandhi 8.7
Mohandas Gandhi was known as the leader of the Indian National Congress starting from 1920 and leading non-violent marches, boycotts, and fasts like the Salt March to oppose British colonial rule in India. He encouraged Indians to do acts of civil disobedience like breaking unjust laws implemented by the British. He eventually helped India become independent in 1947.
Martin Luther King, Jr. 8.7
Martin Luther King Jr was an African American civil rights leader in the U.S in the 1950s and 1960s. He used court decisions like Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas, that banned forced racial segregation in schools in the US. He also boycotted public buses in Montgomery, Alabama from 1955-1956 to end segregation in public transit. He led massive marches, like the 250,000-person March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1964. He helped to provided the foundation for the movement’s biggest successes, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1965.
Various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900 increased and intensified conflict, nonviolent movements, and civilian attacks. Many groups and people like Francisco Franco and Augusto Pinochet intensified conflict, while people like Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr, and Nelson Mandela turned to nonviolent practices. However, groups like the Shining Path and Al-Qaeda used attacks against civilians to achieve their goals, while the military usually responded to these conflicts with tactics that increased the conflict.
