Yeast biotechnology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is an ortholog

A

homologous sequences descended from the same ancesteral sequence

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2
Q

what is the difference between respiration and fermentation in yeast

A

fermentation is without oxygen

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3
Q

why are yeast good eukaryotic model organisms

A

good functional conservation

discovery of yeast genes involved in DNA repair - had human orthologs found in cancer cells especially colon cancer

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4
Q

what does invertase do

A

converts sucrose to glucose

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5
Q

how does invertase work in yeast

A

it has to be exported outside the cell, products broken down outside the cell then taken in

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6
Q

how was yeast engineered so that invertase would stay in the cell and what did this mean for the yeast cell

A

engineered so that the invertase gene lacked a signal peptide so it couldn’t move out of the cell
meant that cell was unable to grow with sucrose as a carbon source

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7
Q

What are the four main stages of the cell cycle in order

A

G1
S
G2
M

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8
Q

at what stage of the cell cycle does cytokinesis occur

A

after mitosis

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9
Q

at what stage does DNA replication and nuclear migration occur

A

S phase

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10
Q

at what stage does chromosome segregation occur

A

M

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11
Q

at what stage does nuclear division occur

A

G2

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12
Q

what is the term describing how yeast replicate

A

budding

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13
Q

what are the two mating types of yeast

A

a or alpha

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14
Q

what is transcriptomics

A

analysing expression of all genes simultaneously

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15
Q

what is the new method of transcriptomics

A

RNAseq - gene chips, deep sequencing

accesible, cheaper

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16
Q

what can we characterise from looking at every gene in the cell cycle through transcriptomics

A

stress responses
regulatory role of transcription factors
translational regulation

17
Q

key limitation of transcriptomics

A

only gives you information on transcription, takes no account of translation - protein analysis can give more direct informationt

18
Q

what is TAP-tagging

A

Tandem affinity purification - purification technique for studying protein–protein interactions
creating a fusion protein with a designed piece TAP tag, on the end.

19
Q

what is metabolome

A

profiles of all metabolites in the cell - the most useful information
done with NMR in vitro

20
Q

what are the 4 OMEs

A

genome
transcriptome
proteome
metabolome

21
Q

why would it be helpful to model glucose and ethanol metabolism

A

to predict how drugs work in cells eg. to understand diabetes

22
Q

what are used for biological mutagenesis

A

transposons - ‘jump’ around the genome

23
Q

what are the 2 natural transposons in yeast called and why are they useful

A

Ty1
Ty2
They are of known sequence - we can see where the mutation has occurred by finding their sequence

24
Q

how can we track the mutation we make

A

with an antibody we have modified the transposon to contain - treat all cells with an HA fluorescent antibody

25
when you view the cell, the fluorescence is all around the protein, what does this tell you
the gene the tag is inserted into is a membrane protein | could also be a transported protein