Yeast biotechnology 1 Flashcards
what is an ortholog
homologous sequences descended from the same ancesteral sequence
what is the difference between respiration and fermentation in yeast
fermentation is without oxygen
why are yeast good eukaryotic model organisms
good functional conservation
discovery of yeast genes involved in DNA repair - had human orthologs found in cancer cells especially colon cancer
what does invertase do
converts sucrose to glucose
how does invertase work in yeast
it has to be exported outside the cell, products broken down outside the cell then taken in
how was yeast engineered so that invertase would stay in the cell and what did this mean for the yeast cell
engineered so that the invertase gene lacked a signal peptide so it couldn’t move out of the cell
meant that cell was unable to grow with sucrose as a carbon source
What are the four main stages of the cell cycle in order
G1
S
G2
M
at what stage of the cell cycle does cytokinesis occur
after mitosis
at what stage does DNA replication and nuclear migration occur
S phase
at what stage does chromosome segregation occur
M
at what stage does nuclear division occur
G2
what is the term describing how yeast replicate
budding
what are the two mating types of yeast
a or alpha
what is transcriptomics
analysing expression of all genes simultaneously
what is the new method of transcriptomics
RNAseq - gene chips, deep sequencing
accesible, cheaper
what can we characterise from looking at every gene in the cell cycle through transcriptomics
stress responses
regulatory role of transcription factors
translational regulation
key limitation of transcriptomics
only gives you information on transcription, takes no account of translation - protein analysis can give more direct informationt
what is TAP-tagging
Tandem affinity purification - purification technique for studying protein–protein interactions
creating a fusion protein with a designed piece TAP tag, on the end.
what is metabolome
profiles of all metabolites in the cell - the most useful information
done with NMR in vitro
what are the 4 OMEs
genome
transcriptome
proteome
metabolome
why would it be helpful to model glucose and ethanol metabolism
to predict how drugs work in cells eg. to understand diabetes
what are used for biological mutagenesis
transposons - ‘jump’ around the genome
what are the 2 natural transposons in yeast called and why are they useful
Ty1
Ty2
They are of known sequence - we can see where the mutation has occurred by finding their sequence
how can we track the mutation we make
with an antibody we have modified the transposon to contain - treat all cells with an HA fluorescent antibody
when you view the cell, the fluorescence is all around the protein, what does this tell you
the gene the tag is inserted into is a membrane protein
could also be a transported protein
