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Neuroscience > Year 4 Recap > Flashcards

Year 4 Recap Flashcards

1
Q

What are the exits and entrances to the skull compartment?

A

-Foramina (Foramen Magnum- spinal cord to brainstem)
-Fossa
=Anterior cranial
=Posterior cranial (cerebellum and brainstem)
=Middle cranial (temporal lobes)

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2
Q

Lobe functions

A
  • Executive function: frontal
  • Memory: temporal
  • Visuo-spatial: parietal
  • Language: fronto-temporal
  • Vision: occipital
  • Coordination: cerebellum
  • Pre-central gyrus= MOTOR
  • Post-central gyrus=SENSORY
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3
Q

Areas of deep grey matter

A
  • Basal ganglia

- Thalamus

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4
Q

Location of spinal cord tracts

A
  • Left and right dorsal/ posterior columns (ascending proprioception)
  • Antero-lateral aspect: ascending spinothalamic axons (temperature and pain)
  • Lateral descending upper motor neurone axons
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5
Q

Describe arterial circulation to the brain

A 
-Anterior
=L and R carotid
-Circle of Willis anastomosis
(DRAW)
-Posterior
=R+L vertebral= basilar= cerebellum and brainstem
-Prone to embolism
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6
Q

What arteries supply the deep grey structures?

A
  • Lenticulo-striate arteries= basal ganglia and internal capsule
  • Prone to thrombosis due to hypertension or diabetes
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7
Q

Describe the venous circulation of the brain

A
  • Cerebral veins drain into venous sinuses (superior sagittal, inferior sagittal)
  • Then drained into internal jugular vein
  • Thrombotic events= raised ICP
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8
Q

Describe the ventricle system and CSF

A
  • Lateral connected to third= Foramen of Munro
  • Third to Fourth= Cerebral Aqueduct
  • All into central spinal canal
  • 15-20ml CSF in ventricles, volume increases with age
  • Choroid plexus produces CSF in ventricles
  • Absorbed in subarachnoid space into venous sinuses
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9
Q

Describe the location of LMN to head/neck muscle

A
  • Cell bodies= brain stem nuclei

- Axons= cranial nerves

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10
Q

Describe the location of LMN supplying the limb and trunk muscles

A
  • Cell bodies in cord anterior horns

- Axons= roots= peripheral nerves

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11
Q

Describe the location of UMN

A
  • Cell bodies= brain (for classical UMN system in pre-central gyrus)
  • Axons= cortico-bulbar (through internal capsule to brain stem LMN)/ cortico-spinal (spinal cord LMN, crossing in lower medulla so control contralaterally)
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12
Q

Why is the corticobulbar UMN different to corticospinal UMN?

A
  • A need for bilateral UMN control

- Reflex arcs typically involve different cranial nerves

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13
Q

Facial nerve examples of facial movements

A 
-Upper face
=Eye closure
=Eyebrow elevation
=Frowning
-Lower face
=Lip closure
=Mouth elevation
=Pouting
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14
Q

Describe UMN control of the facial nerve

A
  • R UMN controls L lower face and all upper face (vice versa with L UMN)
  • A unilateral UMN lesion causes weakness of lower half of other side of face (as upper face has bilateral innervation)
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15
Q

What other examples of different innervation of the head/neck muscles are there?

A
  • Ipsilateral UMN control of Sternomastoid
  • Bilateral UMN control of jaw movements
  • Eye movements: looking left or right
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16
Q

What are the components of the extrapyramidal system?

A 
-Basal ganglia
=caudate nucleus
=putamen
=globus pallidus
=subthalamic nucleus 
=substantia nigra
-Certain brain stem nuclei
=red nucleus
=reticular formation
=vestibular nuclei
=olive
=superior colliculus (eye movements)
-Connections to cerebral cortex, cerebellum and LMN
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17
Q

What is the most important EPS loop?

A

-Striatum-Substantia nigra- Striatum loop

=Degenerates in Parkinson’s disease

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18
Q

What are the roles of the basal ganglia?

A
  • To facilitate movements that are required and appropriate in particular contexts
  • To inhibit movements that are unwanted and inappropriate in particular contexts
  • To organise individual movements into complex, sequenced actions
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19
Q

Symptoms of basal ganglia disease

A

-Abnormal motor control
=Bradykinesia/ Akinesia (can be action-specific)
-Alterations in muscle tone (rigidity)
-Abnormal involuntary movements (tremor, chorea)

20
Q

Examples of sensory modalities and how they ascend to the brain

A
  • Simple and discriminative touch
  • Pain and temperature (cross at point of entry and ascends in antero-lateral spinothalamic tracts)
  • Proprioception/ joint position sense (DORSAL COLUMN= ascends same side and crosses to other side at top of brain)
  • Vibration
21
Q

Describe the somatosensory pathway from limbs and trunk

A
  • Receptor
  • Sensory axon runs into peripheral nerve-root to cell body in dorsal root ganglion
  • DRG to spinal cord in white matter tracts to brain
22
Q

How might hemi-cord lesions present differently to a transverse cord lesion?

A

-Right hemi-cord lesion
=Impaired simple touch and proprioception on right
=Impaired spinothalamic on left
-Transverse
=All sensory modalities impaired at site of lesion

23
Q

What are the aspects of vision?

A
  • Colour vision
  • Visual acuity
  • Visual field
24
Q

Describe colour vision defects

A
  • Congenital/ acquired

- Acquired= optic neuritis (inflammation of optic nerve)

25
Q

What is visual acuity?

A
  • Measure of the clarity of vision
  • Spatial resolution
  • Refractive errors common, neurologists interested in non-correct visual acuity
26
Q

What is visual field?

A

-Actual extent of vision in space

27
Q

Describe the visual pathway

A
  • Conjunctiva, cornea, aqueous humour, lens, vitreous humour
  • Retina
  • Optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiation, visual cortex
28
Q

What are the features of the retina?

A
  • Rods= dim, black and white
  • Cones= bright, colour
  • Photosensitive ganglion cells= reflex)
  • Macula= 6mm diameter, yellow oval spot near centre specialised for high acuity vision, 13 degree of central field
  • Fovea= 1.5mm pit in macula centre so area of greatest VA and colour vision, 3 degrees of central field
29
Q

How does visual space affect optic nerve information?

A
  • Visual information from right visual space hits temporal retina of left eye and nasal retina of right eye
  • Nasal retina= temporal field and vice versa
  • Nasal retina so temporal field information crosses to other side in optic chiasm
30
Q

How are major optic defects classed?

A
  • Pre-chiasmal: lost all data from one eye (uni-ocular visual loss)
  • Chiasm: lost half the data cross (bitemporal hemianopia, pituitary tumours)
  • Post-chiasm: loose all left visual space data on right post chiasmal area and vice versa (homonymous hemianopia)
31
Q

What are the components of the human ear?

A 
-Outer
=Pinna
=Auditory canal
=Tympanic membrane
-Middle (small air-filled chamber)
=x3 ossicles
-Inner ear
=hearing and vestibular receptors in membranous labyrinth within bony labyrinth in temporal bone
32
Q

What are the components of the inner ear?

A
  • Cochlea (hearing)
  • Utricle and saccule (vestibular)
  • Horizontal, anterior and posterior canal (vestibular)
33
Q

What nerves innervate the inner ear?

A

-Cochlear nerve
-Vestibular nerve
=Vestibulo-cochlear nerve (8th cranial) to medulla-pons junction

34
Q

What is the vestibular function?

A
  • Perception of position and motion
  • Static gravitational orientation
  • Motion in space
35
Q

What components reflect rotations and linear translations and how?

A 
-The semi-circular canals (rotation= vertical, sagittal plane and frontal plane axis)
=Motion causes flow of fluid within them
=Fluid flow stimulates hair cells
=Hair cells generate electrical impulses
-Otoliths (utricle, saccule)= linear translations
=otoliths sit on hairs of hair cells
=Motion causes otolith to move
=Movement bends hairs
=Hair cells generate electrical impulses
36
Q

What are the clinical aspects of hearing and vestibular damage?

A
  • Tinnitus and hearing loss

- Vertigo and imbalance/ unsteadiness

37
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

-Motor control
=Input of motor and sensory information
=Outputs motor control- constant adjustments to actions
-Cognitive functions

38
Q

What are the areas of cerebellar control?

A
  • Hemisphere: unilateral limb (ipsilateral so not crossed)

- Midline: trunk, posture, gait

39
Q

Describe ataxic syndrome

A
  • Ataxia of upper limbs
  • Ataxia of lower limbs
  • Truncal ataxia
  • Gait ataxia
  • Dysarthria (incoordination of tongue)
  • Nystagmus (eyes)
  • SENSORY/ MOTOR/ CEREBELLAR/ BRAINSTEM problem
40
Q

What are the dimensions of consciousness?

A
  • Wakefulness (arousal)= the capacity for consciousness

- Awareness= the content of consciousness

41
Q

What does consciousness depend on?

A

-Intact and interacting…
=Brainstem Reticular Activating system (arousal)
==activate thalamus and cerebral cortex
=Cerebral hemispheres (awareness)

42
Q

What causes loss of arousal?

A 
-Brainstem problems
=Structural damage to brainstem
=Secondary impairment to brainstem (coning)
=Drugs
=Widespread brain damage
43
Q

What causes loss of awareness?

A

-Cortical damage
=widespread cortical malfunction
=relatively intact brain stem

44
Q

What are the cognitive domains?

A
  • Consciousness
  • Attention, concentration and orientation
  • Language
  • Memory
  • Visuo-spatial function
  • Executive function
45
Q

What are the main areas of wakefulness?

A

-Ascending RF of pons and midbrain
-Certain thalamic nuclei
-Posterior hypothalamus
-Basal forebrain
=reduced cortical activation in NREM sleep (REM sleep very localised in contrast)

46
Q

What is the glymphatic system?

A

-Functional waste clearance pathway in the vertebrate CNS
=reflects on glial cells
=similar to lymphatic system

47
Q

Describe the glymphatic system

A
  • Para-arterial route allows CSF to enter the brain parenchyma
  • ISF (interstitial fluid) removed from the interstitial compartments of the brain/cord
  • Exchange of solutes between CSF and ISF driven by arterial pulsation
  • System regulated, during sleep, by the expansion and contraction of brain extracellular space
  • ISF removal: soluble proteins, waste products, excess extracellular fluid
  • Best in slow wave sleep

Neuroscience (33 decks)

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