Anatomy Introduction

Question 1

What are functional systems?

Answer 1

Specific functions are associated with specific pathways connecting specific structures at specific locations (regions)

Question 2

What is Regional neuroanatomy?

Answer 2

The name and location of structures at macro- and microscopic resolution

Question 3

What is Cellular neuroanatomy?

Answer 3

The types and microstructure of the cells that make up the nervous system
Understanding transmission

Question 4

What is Functional neuroanatomy?

Answer 4

The pathways that deliver coherent functions of the nervous system
Vision and balance

Question 5

Describe the CNS pathway

Answer 5

Brain - Brainstem - Spinal cord

Question 6

What do peripheral and cranial nerves feed to?

Answer 6

Sensory receptors
Muscle
Exocrine glands

Question 7

What is the pathway ganglia to ganglia?

Answer 7

Ganglia - Dorsal roots - Ventral roots - ganglia

Question 8

What does spinal nerves send information to?

Answer 8

Dorsal and ventral roots

Question 9

What links the CNS with the PNS?

Answer 9

Cranial nerves

Dorsal and ventral roots

Question 10

What are the periphery inputs to the CNS?

Answer 10

Sensory receptors

Question 11

What are the outputs from the CNS

Answer 11

Muscle

Exocrine glands

Question 12

What are the key systems in functional neuroanatomy?

Answer 12

Sensory
Motor
Higher functional

Question 13

Describe sensory systems

Answer 13

=Sensation of: pain, temperature, proprioception, and touch (somatic sensation)
=Vision and hearing (special senses)

Question 14

Describe motor systems

Answer 14

=Reflexes
=Voluntary movement
-The basal ganglia – tone & posture, ‘motor routines’
-The cerebellum – coordinated movement

Question 15

Describe Higher functional systems

Answer 15

=Consciousness
=Emotion
=Cognition

Question 16

What pathways are in sensory systems?

Answer 16

=Dorsal Column Pathway

=Spinothalamic pathway

Question 17

What is the Dorsal Column Pathway involved in?

Answer 17

=Proprioception (sense of self-movement and body position)
=Vibration
=Fine touch

Question 18

What is the Spinothalamic pathway involved in?

Answer 18

=Pain

=Temperature

Question 19

Describe the Dorsal Column Pathway

Answer 19

=Proprioceptors/ mechanoreceptors
-First-order neuron (afferent) in spinal cord
=Decussation of medial lemniscus in medulla oblongata
=Dorsal column nuclei in M.O.
-Second-order neuron
=Thalamus
-Third-order neuron
=Primary somatosensory cortex
Back of the Spinal cord processing conscious awareness

Question 20

Describe Spinothalamic Pathway

Answer 20

=Nociceptors/ thermoreceptors
-First-order neuron (afferent)
=Anterolateral quadrant then Lissauer's tract in spinal cord
-Second-order neuron through medulla oblongata
=Thalamus
-Third-order neuron
=Primary somatosensory cortex
Front and side and laterally spinal cord

Question 21

Describe the tendon stretch reflex

Answer 21

-Hammer to knee so patellar tendon transmits stretch into quadriceps muscle so stretch receptors activated
=Afferent neuron from intrafusal muscle fibre in quadriceps so contract
=Alpha motor neurones in lumbar cord (synapses with inhibitory interneuron to inhibit knee flexor muscles) relax