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Neuroscience > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurones are in the cerebellum in proportion to the rest of the brain?

A
  • 100 billion neurones
  • More than 50% of the total brain neurones
  • “Little brain”
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2
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Motor control

- Cognitive functions

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3
Q

Where is the cerebellum in the skull?

A

Posterior fossa
Straddling the brainstem, opposite pons
Forming the roof of the fourth ventricle

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4
Q

What is tentorium cerebelli?

A

“Tent of cerebellum”
Part of the dura matter
Separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobes

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5
Q

What are the cerebellar subdivisions?

A
  • Central, worm-like structure (vermis)
  • Two lateral hemispheres
  • A small inferior part= Flocculonodular lobe
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6
Q

What divides the hemispheres?

A

Primary Fissure

Divides hemispheres into anterior and posterior lobes

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7
Q

What are the contents of the cerebellum?

A
  • Cerebellar cortex, follia (convoluted sulcus and gyrus)
  • Deep nuclei
  • White matter
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8
Q

What are the divisions of the cerebellar based on evolutionary development?

A
  • Vestibulocerebellum/ archicerebellum= middle, associated with vestibular function
  • Spinocerebellum/ Paleocerebellum= spinal cord association
  • Pontocerebellum/ Neocerebellum= communicates with brainstem
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9
Q

What are the deep nuclei associated with each cerebellar division?

A
  • Vestibulocerebellum= Fastigial nucleus
  • Spinocerebellum= Interposed nucleus
  • Pontocerebellum= Dentate nucleus
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10
Q

How does the cerebellum communicate with the rest of the brain?

A
  • Peduncles

- Contain the input and output tracts of the cerebellum

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11
Q

What are the names of the peduncles and what do they communicate with?

A
  • Superior= midbrain
  • Middle (biggest peduncle)= pons
  • Inferior= medulla
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12
Q

What are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum?

A
  • Interposed nucleus= globose, eboliform
  • Dentate nucleus
  • Fastigial nucleus
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13
Q

Describe the microscopic structure of the cerebellum

A

-Regular
-Ordered
-Uniform throughout
Prominently a control system so reflected in structure

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14
Q

What are the cerebellar cortex layers?

A
  • Molecular layer
  • Purkinje cell layer
  • Granule cell layer
  • White matter
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15
Q

What cells are in each layer (outer, middle, inner)?

A
  • Outer= Molecular= Stellate cells, Basket cells
  • Middle= Piriform= Purkinje cells
  • Inner= Granular= Granule cells, Golgi cells (projections into molecular layer)
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16
Q

Describe the Purkinje Cells

A

Fan-shaped dendritic trees, extend into molecular layer

Largest dendritic trees in whole of NS

17
Q

What are the inputs to the layers of cerebellar cortex?

A

Mossy fibres into granular layers
Climbing fibres into molecular layer
Information also goes to nuclei

18
Q

What are the outputs from the layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje cells in piriform layer to central nuclei
Forms loops and circuits
=- Dendritic trees of purkinje cells extend into outer molecular layer
- Granular layer contains granular cells which also send axons up towards the molecular layer

19
Q

What are inputs and outputs from the cerebellum?

A 
Input= sensory and motor information
Output= motor control (makes constant adjustments to the movements involved in actions), voluntary movement, smoothed and coordinated in relation to sensory data
20
Q

What type of movement is controlled by cerebellum?

A 
Speech and swallowing
Eye
Trunk 
Limb
All voluntary movement
21
Q

What are the connections and functions of each cerebellar division?

A
  • Two-way connections= vestibular nucleus
  • Spinocerebellum= spinocerebellar connections= posture and gait
  • Pontocerebellum= pons and neocortex connections= uniquely large in humans, fine motor control
22
Q

What are the tracts the ascend from the spinal cord into the cerebellum?

A
  • Posterior spino-cerebellar
  • Cuneocerebellar
  • Anterior spinocerebellar
  • Rostral spinocerebellar
23
Q

What are the tracts the ascend from the head, neck and brainstem into the cerebellum?

A
  • Olivocerebellar
  • Tectocerebellar
  • Pontocerebellar
  • Reticulocerebellar
  • Trigeminal nerve
24
Q

What are the types of information that are carried in the cerebellar afferents?

A
  • Skin sensory
  • Muscle sensory
  • Proprioception
  • Spinal reflex arcs
  • Visual
  • Auditory
  • Vestibular
  • Sensory cortex
  • Motor cortices
  • Extrapyramidal system
25
Q

What are the cerebellar efferents?

A
  • Vestibular nuclei
  • Reticular formation
  • Red nucleus
  • Ventrolateral thalamus
26
Q

Describe the simplified cerebellar circuitry

A

Inputs= mossy fibres (spinal cord, cerebral cortex, vestibular system), climbing fibres (inferior olive)

  • Cerebellar cortex
  • Deep cerebellar nuclei
  • Brainstem thalamus]
  • Spinal cord, cerebral cortex
27
Q

What are the cognitive functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Memory: implicit/ procedural
  • Coordination of cognitive processes?
  • Coordination of emotional processes?
28
Q

What are the classical features of cerebellar disease?

A 
Ataxic syndrome (incoordination of motor control)
-Ataxia of upper limbs
-Ataxia of lower limbs
-Truncal ataxia
-Gait ataxia
-Dysarthria (speech)
-Nystagmus (jerky movements of eyes)
MAY ALSO BE DUE TO BRAINSTEM DISEASE (INPUT AND OUTPUT SYSTEMS)
29
Q

Where are the defects which result in incoordination?

A
  • Sensory and motor input
  • Internal processing
  • Motor output
30
Q

What happens if the cerebellar disease is in the hemisphere?

A

Unilateral limb ataxia

Ipsilateral

31
Q

What happens if the cerebellar disease is in the midline?

A

Trunk
Posture
Gait

32
Q

What are the extended roles of the cerebellum?

A
  • Memory problems
  • Motor learning
  • Autistic spectrum disorder
  • Affective disorders
  • Psychotic disorders
33
Q

What are the cerebellar diseases?

A
  • Neoplasia
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Trauma
  • Drugs and toxins
  • Neurodegenerations
34
Q

What are the types of hereditary and degenerative ataxias?

A
  • Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia
  • Spinal cerebellar ataxia
  • Other

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