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Neuroscience > The Motor System 3 > Flashcards

The Motor System 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the extrapyramidal system?

A

All the motor centres and tracts that have a significant influence on lower motor neurones additional to the corticospinal and corticobulbar system

  • Critical role in organisation of individual movements into whole actions
  • Modifies and organises movements controlled by corticospinal and corticobulbar systems
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2
Q

Where are the UMN cell bodies?

A

Cell bodies in central brain nuclei (deep grey matter, rather than cortex)

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3
Q

Where do the extra-pyramidal axons go?

A

Do not have simple linear descending pathway

Axons form complex networks to control LMNs (and organise function)= circuits and loops

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4
Q

Why is the extrapyramidal system necessary?

A 
Pyramidal= lateralised, linear individual movements
Extra= groups of muscles, bilateral, choreographed/ sequenced movements so actions
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5
Q

What are the structural elements of the extrapyramidal system?

A
  • Basal ganglia
  • Certain brain stem nuclei
  • Associated connections and tracts (complex)
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6
Q

What structures do the basal ganglia include?

A
  • Corpus striatum (striated body)
  • Substantia Nigra (black substance)
  • Subthalamic nucleus
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7
Q

What is the corpus striatum?

A

A complex of nuclei in the brain so striated appearance

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8
Q

What does the corpus striatum consist of?

A

-Caudate nucleus
-Lenticular nucleus (lens like)
=Globus Pallidus
=Putamen

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9
Q

What is the functional grouping of the corpus striatum?

A
  • Caudate nucleus and putamen (neostriatum)

- Globus pallidus

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10
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

A distinct pigmented nucleus in the midbrain

Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease affect pigmentation

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11
Q

What is the subthalamic nucleus?

A

A distinct nucleus beneath the thalamus

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12
Q

Which are the brain stem nuclei that are included in the extrapyramidal system?

A
  • Red nucleus
  • Reticular Formation
  • Vestibular nuclei (process information of where body is in space)
  • Olive (inferior olivary complex, indirectly affects LMN)
  • Superior Colliculus (eye movements)
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13
Q

Describe connections within the extrapyramidal system

A
  • Interconnections within itself

- Connections with other things such as the thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum (fine coordination system), LMN

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14
Q

What does the basal ganglia influence?

A

Premotor Cortex

Supplementary Motor Area

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15
Q

What are the tracts from the brain stem nuclei that descend through the spinal cord?

A
  • Rubrospinal tract (red nucleus)
  • Vestibulospinal (vestibular)
  • Reticulospinal (reticular formation)
  • Tectospinal (collicular area)
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16
Q

What different transmitters are used in the circuits of the extrapyramidal system?

A
  • Dopamine
  • GABA
  • Glutamate
  • Acetylcholine
17
Q

Where are the inputs and outputs of the extrapyramidal system?

A
  • Neostriatum= input (information goes in)
  • Cerebral cortex, thalamus and substantia nigra input into the EPS
  • Globus pallidus and substantia nigra (interconnections with itself)= outputs
  • Subthalamic nucleus, thalamus and motor cortex receive the outputs
18
Q

What is a clinically important loop in the extrapyramidal system?

A
  • Striatum- substantia nigra-striatum

- Degenerates in Parkinson’s Disease

19
Q

What are the functions of the extrapyramidal system?

A
  • Grosser, more automatic voluntary movements (walking)
  • Emotional expression movements
  • Bilateral control of voluntary
  • Postural adjustments of body
  • The continual postural adjustments that underlie smooth and coordinated voluntary movements
  • Control of tone in muscles
20
Q

Describe walking

A
  • Coordinated sequence of actions
  • Agonist/ antagonist groups in a leg
  • Alternating actions of legs
  • Involvement of paraspinal muscles (back organised and balance correct)
  • Involvement of arms (swing for momentum and balance)
  • Bilateral movements
21
Q

What happens in extrapyramidal disease?

A

Not weakness- disruption of coordinated acts

  • Abnormal motor control
  • Alterations in muscular tone
  • Abnormal involuntary movements
22
Q

What is abnormal motor control called?

A

-Bradykinesia, akinesia

23
Q

What are the symptoms/ signs of abnormal motor control?

A
  • Slowness or poverty of movement
  • Impairment of initiation, sequencing and cessation of movement
  • Impairment/ loss of whole actions
  • Impairment of ‘automatic’ or emotionally related movements
24
Q

How does postural abnormality present?

A
  • Flexed posture

- Postural instability

25
Q

How does alteration in muscular tone present?

A

-Rigidity
=Lead-pipe (smooth constant resistance to movement)
=Cog-wheel (cogging effect on top of background hypertonia)

26
Q

How does abnormal involuntary movements present?

A
  • Tremor (alternating rhythmic oscillation of the body around a joint)
  • Ballismus (flailing, ballistic, undesired movements of the limbs, proximal parts of limbs)
  • Chorea (A type of dyskinesia characterized by rapid, jerky involuntary body movements)
  • Athetosis (slow, involuntary, convoluted, writhing movements of the fingers, hands, toes, and feet and in some cases, arms, legs, neck and tongue)
  • Dystonia (Unintentional sustained muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures)
  • Myoclonus (sudden jerking movements)
  • Tics
27
Q

What are the key presentations of Parkinsonism?

A
  • Bradykinesia
  • Rigidity
  • Tremor
  • Postural instability

Neuroscience (33 decks)

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