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science > year 2 chap 16 > Flashcards

year 2 chap 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the fusion of sex cells called?

A

fertilisation

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2
Q

what happens when an egg is fertilised?

A

it develops into an embryo and eventually into a new individual

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3
Q

what is a fertilised egg also known as?

A

a zygote

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4
Q

what is a zygote?

A

an egg that has been fertilised by sperm, and which could develop into an embryo

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5
Q

define “heredity” please

A

the passing down of genetic material from one generation to the next during sexual reproduction

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6
Q

what happens to the genetic material in the sex cells during reproduction?

A

the genetic material in the sex cells is passed down and acts like a set of instructions for the cells to form a specific organism

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7
Q

do children look exactly like their parents?

A

children often possess a mix of traits from both their parents but they do not look identical to their parents

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8
Q

inheriting any trait is a ___ process

A

random

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9
Q

what are examples of heredity diseases?

A

sickle cell anaemia (a blood disorder)
cystic fibrosis (a diseases of the lungs and other internal organs)

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10
Q

when does the body develop into that of an adult?

A

during the teenage years or adolescence

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11
Q

at what age does puberty usually begin?

A

around the age of 11 to 14 but it can occur earlier or later depending on the individual

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12
Q

define “puberty” please

A

the process where the body undergoes various physical changes and matures sexually

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13
Q

what happens when puberty begins?

A

different hormones are produced by the body

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14
Q

what are hormones?

A
  • chemicals produced by different parts of the body
  • control and coordinate activities throughout the body by triggering other organs to function
  • found in very small quantities in the blood but they have a huge effect on many organ systems such as the human reproductive system
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15
Q

what are some changes that men may go through during puberty?

A
  • height and weight increase
  • voice deepens
  • facial hair, armpit hair and pubic hair (hair around the sex organs) appear
  • muscle strength increases
  • production of sperm begins
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16
Q

what are some changes that women may go through during puberty?

A
  • height and weight increase
  • breasts begin to develop
  • hips become broader and rounder
  • armpit hair and pubic hair around the sex organs appear
  • maturation of eggs begins
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17
Q

what are the different parts of the male reproductive system?

A

sex glands ; sperm duct ; urethra ; testis ; penis

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18
Q

what is the function of the sex glands in the male reproductive system?

A

the sex glands produce nutrient fluid to nourish the sperm

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19
Q

what is the function of the sperm ducts in the male reproductive system?

A

the sperm ducts carries sperm from the testes to the urethra

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20
Q

what are the functions of the urethra in the male reproductive system?

A
  • a tube that allows sperm to pass through during ejaculation
  • allows urine to be removed from the body
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21
Q

what is the function of the testis in the male reproductive system?

A
  • produces sperm
  • produces male sex hormones that control sexual development in the body
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22
Q

what is the function of the penis in the male reproductive system?

A

deposits semen in the vagina during ejaculation

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23
Q

what is semen?

A

a white liquid made up of nutrient fluid and sperm

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24
Q

what happens to the sperm in the male reproductive system during sexual intercourse?

A
  • sperm produced by both testes travel along the sperm ducts and enter the urethra
  • the penis deposits semen containing millions of sperm cells deep into the vagina
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25
Q

define “ejaculation” please

A

the process in which the semen leaves the male reproductive system

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26
Q

what are the different parts of the female reproductive system?

A

oviduct ; ovary ; uterus ; cervix ; vagina

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27
Q

what are the functions of the oviduct in the female reproductive system?

A
  • a tube through which an egg is released from the ovary
  • fertilisation usually takes place here
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28
Q

what are the functions of the ovary in the female reproductive system?

A
  • produces eggs
  • produces female sex hormones that control sexual development in the body
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29
Q

what are the functions of the uterus in the female reproductive system?

A
  • a muscular organ where an embryo develops into a foetus during pregnancy
  • contains a lining called the uterine lining, which thickens to prepare for implantation and breaks down when no fertilisation occurs
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30
Q

what are the functions of the cervix in the female reproductive system?

A
  • opening of the uterus
  • connects the uterus to the vagina
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31
Q

what is the function of the vagina in the female reproductive system?

A

sperm is deposited here

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32
Q

what is the vagina also known as?

A

the birth canal

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33
Q

what happens during ovulation?

A

an ovary releases an egg cell that enters the oviduct

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34
Q

what happens if the egg in the female reproductive system is fertilised?

A

it will travel towards the uterus to be implanted in its wall

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35
Q

what happens to the egg if fertilisation does not occur?

A

if fertilisation does not occur, the egg will simply disintegrate or break down

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36
Q

what does the uterus do when the mother is giving birth?

A

the uterus has strong contractions to push the baby past the cervix and out of the mother’s body through the vagina

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37
Q

define “fertilisation” please

A

the fusion of the male and female sex cells

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38
Q

what are the steps in the process of fertilisation?

A
  1. the penis deposits semen containing sperm cells into the vagina
  2. the sperm cells swim through the cervix, into the uterus and into the oviduct
  3. a sperm cell meets an egg cell in the oviduct
  4. fertilisation occurs when the nucleus of the sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of the egg cell (all the other sperm cells die)
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39
Q

the embryo travels down the ___ towards the ___ where it is implanted in ___ and develops into a ___

A

oviduct ; uterus ; the wall of the uterus ; foetus

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40
Q

what factors can affect the function of the reproductive systems?

A

age, diet and lifestyle

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41
Q

define “twins” please

A

two individuals born from the same pregnancy

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42
Q

what are the 2 types of twins?

A

identical and fraternal (non-identical) twins

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43
Q

identical twins are physically alike in most ways except for their ____

A

fingerprints

44
Q

what are identical twins the result of?

A

identical twins are the result of one fertilised egg divided into two embryos

45
Q

what are fraternal twins the result of?

A

fraternal twins are the result of two eggs released from the ovaries at the same time and fertilised by different sperm

46
Q

how are fraternal twins different from identical twins?

A

unlike identical twins, fraternal twins do not have the same DNA and can even be of different sexes

47
Q

once puberty begins, how often does the two ovaries take turns to release an egg cell to prepare for fertilisation?

A

once every 28 days

48
Q

at the same times as the ovaries take turns to release an egg cell, what happens to the lining on the wall of the uterus once puberty begins?

A

the lining on the wall of the uterus thickens, with many blood vessels being formed, to receive a fertilised egg

49
Q

define “menstruation” please

A

the process that happens when fertilisation of an egg does not occur, the lining of the uterus and the blood vessels break down and are discharged through the vagina with the unfertilised egg

50
Q

what is the name of the cycle that menstruation is a part of?

A

the menstrual cycle

51
Q

a woman typically has a ___ menstrual cycle

A

28-day

52
Q

what happens during days 1 to 5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

menstruation occurs (p.s the duration of menstruation varies among individuals)

53
Q

what happens during days 6 to 9 of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • the lining of the wall of the uterus thickens, with many blood vessels formed in it
  • this process prepares the uterus for the implantation of the embryo if fertilisation occurs
54
Q

what happens during days 10 to 15 of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • one ovary will release an egg into the oviduct on around day 14
  • this is known as ovulation
55
Q

what time period of menstrual cycle is a woman most fertile and having sexual intercourse is most likely to result in pregnancy ?

A

days 10 to 15

56
Q

what happens during days 16 to 28 of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • the uterine lining continues to thicken
  • if no fertilisation occurs, menstruation will occur again after day 28
57
Q

how long can the egg survive after it is released from the ovary?

A

around one day

58
Q

how long can the sperm survive in the female reproductive system?

A

3 to 5 days

59
Q

when does the menstrual cycle of a woman stop?

A

when she is around the age of 50 as her ovaries stop releasing egg cells

60
Q

how long does it take for an embryo to grow into a foetus with developed organs?

A

about 2 months

61
Q

what can disrupt the function of the human reproductive system?

A

substance abuse and birth control methods

62
Q

what are some examples of substance abuse?

A

smoking, consumption of alcohol and abuse of controlled drugs such as cannabis and heroin

63
Q

during pregnancy, the effects of substance abuse not only harm the mother but also ___

A

the foetus

64
Q

what are the effects of substance abuse on the foetus?

A
  • babies may be born premature
  • babies may be born with low birth weight
  • smoking may affect the development of the foetus’ heart, lungs and brain
  • alcohol consumption and abuse of drugs can lead to physical, intellectual and behavioural challenges in the child
65
Q

what happens when babies are born prematurely?

A

premature babies may require intensive care as their organs may not be fully developed

66
Q

what happens when babies are born with low birth weight?

A

they may thus have underdeveloped immune systems and a higher risk of getting infections

67
Q

what are the effects of smoking on the babies?

A
  • babies may develop respiratory problems later in life
  • they are also more likely to face obesity and diabetes
68
Q

what is an effect of alcohol consumption on the baby?

A

they may find it difficult to pay attention and learn

69
Q

how do birth control methods prevent pregnancy?

A

by disrupting certain processes and/or functions of certain organs in the human reproductive system

70
Q

who might use temporary birth control methods?

A

married couples who do not wish to have children at the present moment may choose to reversibly disrupt the function of the sexual reproductive system

71
Q

who might use permanent birth control methods?

A

married couples who have decided not to have any or more children may choose to irreversibly disrupt the the function of the sexual reproductive system

72
Q

what are examples of temporary birth control methods?

A

rhythm method ; condom ; spermicide ; intra-uterine device (IUD) ; birth control pills ; diaphragm

73
Q

how does the rhythm method prevent pregnancy?

A
  • couples do not engage in sexual intercourse during the time when the woman is ovulating or during the fertile period of her menstrual cycle
  • however, this method can be unreliable and pregnancy may still occur
74
Q

how does the condom prevent pregnancy?

A

it is a rubber covering placed over the penis before sexual intercourse to prevent any sperm from entering the uterus

75
Q

how does spermicide prevent pregnancy?

A
  • a cream that is applied in the vagina to kill sperm in the vagina
  • it is used alone or with other methods of birth control
76
Q

how does the intra-uterine device (IUD) prevent pregnancy?

A
  • usually contains copper and is inserted into the uterus by a doctor
  • it prevents sperm from fertilising an egg
  • it also prevents an embryo from being implanted in the uterus
  • it can last between 3 to 10 years
77
Q

how does birth control pills prevent pregnancy?

A

usually contains female sex hormones that disrupt the release of eggs from the ovaries and thus preventing fertilisation from occurring

78
Q

how does the diaphragm prevent pregnancy?

A
  • a dome-shaped piece of plastic
  • it is placed in the vagina to cover the cervix
  • this prevents any sperm from entering the uterus and reaching the oviducts
79
Q

what are examples of permanent birth control methods?

A

tubal ligation (females) ; vasectomy (males)

80
Q

how does a tubal ligation prevent pregnancy?

A
  • the oviducts are surgically cut and tied
  • thus eggs released from the ovaries cannot reach the oviducts and be fertilised
81
Q

how does a vasectomy prevent pregnancy?

A
  • the sperm ducts are surgically cut and tied
  • thus sperm cannot be released from the body
  • during ejaculation, the semen does not contain sperm
  • any sperm that are produced are eventually broken down in the testes
82
Q

though birth control methods are available, it is advisable to practise ___ and avoid ___

A

abstinence ; premarital sex (sex before marriage)

83
Q

premarital sex may result in unwanted pregnancy, which will lead to the difficult decision of either keeping the baby or undergoing an ___

A

abortion

84
Q

define “abortion” please

A

a deliberate termination of a pregnancy

85
Q

what happens during an abortion?

A

during an abortion, the foetus is removed through the use of medication or surgical means

86
Q

in SG when is it illegal to undergo an abortion?

A

it is illegal to undergo an abortion after the sixth month of pregnancy, unless the mother’s life is in danger

87
Q

what are the possible side effects of an abortion?

A
  • damage may be made to the uterus, resulting in bleeding
  • infertility (inability to conceive) due to a damaged uterus
  • development of an infection after the procedure
88
Q

when are STIs mainly transmitted?

A

during sexual intercourse

89
Q

when may STI’s also be transmitted?

A
  • blood transfusion
  • sharing of unsterilised or contaminated needles used by an infected person (e.g during injections, body piercing or tattoos)
  • from a mother to an infant during childbirth or breast-feeding
90
Q

what are the 3 main types of STI’s

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), gonorrhoea and syphilis

91
Q

what type of infection is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

A

a viral infection

92
Q

what are the symptoms of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

A

flu-like symptoms such as headaches, sore throat, fever, muscle ache and fatigue (usually developed in the later stages of the infection)

93
Q

what are the possible long-term effects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

A
  • development into Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated, resulting in a weakened immune system
  • complications from other infections
  • death
94
Q

is there a cure for HIV?

A

no

95
Q

what type of infection is gonorrhoea?

A

a bacterial infection

96
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A
  • burning sensation during urination
  • discharge of pus (thick, yellow liquid formed in infected body tissue) from penis or vagina
  • pain in the lower abdomen
97
Q

what are the possible long-term effects of gonorrhoea?

A
  • infertility
  • long-term pelvic or abdominal pain
98
Q

is there a cure for gonorrhoea?

A

it can be treated using antibiotics

99
Q

what type of infection is syphilis?

A

a bacterial infection

100
Q

what are the symptoms of syphilis?

A
  • painless sores and red rashes
  • fever
  • headache
  • sore throat
  • patchy hair loss
  • weight loss
  • muscle ache
  • fatigue
101
Q

what are the possible long-term effects of syphilis?

A
  • blindness
  • paralysis (inability to move all or part of the body)
  • major brain and hear damage
  • infertility
102
Q

is there a cure for syphilis?

A

it can be treated using antibiotics

103
Q

antibiotics can kill ___ or stop ___

A

harmful bacteria ; their growth

104
Q

what type of diseases does antibiotics have no effect on?

A

diseases that are transmitted by viruses (e.g HIV)

105
Q

how can the transmission of STI’s be prevented?

A

by using condoms correctly and consistently but this is not always completely effective

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