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year 2 chap 15 Flashcards

1
Q

define “osmosis”

A

net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane

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1
Q

define “diffusion”

A

movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (until equilibrium is reached)

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2
Q

osmosis and diffusion occur over ___ distances at the cellular level

A

short

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3
Q

what is the transport system in a human known as?

A

the circulatory system

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4
Q

where the heart usually located?

A

near the centre of the chest

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5
Q

how often does the heart beat per minute?

A

around 60 to 100 times a minute

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6
Q

how big is the heart?

A

the heart is about the size of a fist but it has incredibly strong muscles

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7
Q

if a major blood vessel near the heart is cut blood can spurt up to __ metres away

A

3

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8
Q

the human body has around ___ litres of blood in it

A

5

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9
Q

what are the different substances that make up the blood?

A

red blood cells, plasma and other components of blood

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10
Q

what does the red blood cells do?

A
  • they transport oxygen to different parts of the body
  • millions of them make up a drop of blood and give it a red colour
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11
Q

what does plasma do?

A
  • it transports water and dissolved substances such as digested food, mineral salts and waste products to different parts of the body
  • it makes up more than half of the volume of blood
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12
Q

what do the other components of blood include?

A

they include white blood cells and platelets, which serve a protective function

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13
Q

what are the different types of blood vessels?

A

artery
vein
capillary

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14
Q

what is the function of the artery?

A

it carries blood away from the heart

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15
Q

what is the function of the vein?

A

it carries blood toward the heart

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16
Q

what is the function of the capillary?

A

it acts as the site of exchange of substances (e.g digested food, gases and waste substances)

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17
Q

what are the traits of the artery?

A
  • they carry blood rich in oxygen from the heart to the rest of the body
  • they also carry blood rich in digested food → which is absorbed from the small intestine
  • arteries branch into smaller blood vessels to become capillaries
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18
Q

what are the traits of the vein?

A
  • they carry blood that is poor in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide and waste substances towards the heart
  • the blood that returns to the heart is then pumped to the lungs to receive a fresh supply of oxygen
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19
Q

what are the traits of the capillary?

A
  • the smallest and most numerous blood vessels found in the body
  • carries oxygen and digested food in the blood to the cells in the body and transports carbon dioxide and waste substances away from the cells
  • this exchange of substances allows every cell to function effectively
  • they are close to the cells in the body and have very thin walls to facilitate diffusion of substances
  • relatively short distance between the body’s cells and the red blood cells in the capillaries to facilitate the exchange of substance
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20
Q

exchange of ___ and ___ happens at the lungs

A

carbon dioxide and oxygen

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21
Q

___ blood returns to the heart from the lungs

A

oxygen-rich

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22
Q

____ bring ____ blood to the rest of the body

A

arteries ; oxygen-rich

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23
Q

exchange of gases and other substances between blood in the ___ and the ___

A

capillaries ; cells of the body

24
___ bring ___ blood to the heart
veins ; oxygen poor
25
___ blood is pumped to the lungs by the heart
oxygen poor
26
what are the 2 tissues that a plant transport system consists of?
the xylem and the phloem
27
in most plants, which tissue is closer to the outside of the stem?
the phloem
28
what is the purpose of the xylem?
it transports water and mineral salts from the roots to all parts of the plants in an upward direction
29
what is the purpose of the phloem?
it transports sugar from the leaves to all parts of the plant in both an upward and downward direction
30
what are stomata?
small openings in the leaves through which diffusion can take place
31
what is the singular form of stomata?
stoma
32
how does diffusion help transport nutrients around in the human body?
digested food and oxygen that are of higher concentration in the blood compared to those in the surrounding tissues leave the capillaries by diffusion and enter the tissues
33
how does oxygen diffuse in a leaf and why?
oxygen diffuses from within the leaf to outside the leaf because there is higher concentration of oxygen in the leaf than outside of it
34
how does carbon dioxide diffuse in a leaf and why?
carbon dioxide diffuses from the air to within the leaf as there is higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the air that in the leaf
35
why does the leaf have a higher concentration of oxygen during the day?
photosynthesis
36
how does diffusion occur at the roots?
1. dissolved mineral salts diffuse into root cells 2. the mineral salts diffuse from the root cells into the xylem 3. the mineral salts are transported to the rest of the plant via the xylem
37
why do root cells get a continuous supply of mineral salts from the soil via diffusion?
root cells usually have a lower concentration of mineral salts than the soil
38
why must the mineral salts be dissolved before being absorbed by the root cells?
if they aren’t dissolved/exists in a solid state, diffusion cannot occur as the mineral salt particles will be too big to pass through the cell membrane of the root cell
39
how does osmosis occur at the roots?
1. water enters the root cells by osmosis 2. water moves across the roots from cell to cell by osmosis 3. water is transported to the rest of the plant via the xylem
40
why does osmosis occur at the roots?
* there are more water molecules in the soil than the root cells of plants * root cells have partially permeable cell membranes * water molecules enter these cells through osmosis
41
what are drugs?
a substance that can affect body systems
42
what is drug abuse?
use of drugs in a way that harms one’s health
43
name some drugs :)
heroin, cannabis and “ice” (methamphetamine)
44
the chemicals found in tobacco products (e.g cigarettes) causes severe damage to?
the heart, lungs and blood vessels
45
how does the smoker affect the people around them?
second-hand smoke has many harmful effects
46
what can smoking and other forms of drug abuse lead to?
a life-time of addiction
47
how does drug abuse affect the nervous system?
- poor balance and coordination - slower reactions - insomnia (inability to sleep) - anxiety - irritability - hallucination - memory loss
48
how does drug abuse affect the circulatory system?
- irregular heartbeat - increased heart rate - increased blood pressure - increased risk of heart attack - increased risk of stroke - narrowed arteries resulting in - reduced blood flow to the limbs
49
how does drug abuse affect the respiratory system?
- lung cancer - emphysema (collapse of the walls of tubes in the lungs)
50
how does drug abuse affect the digestive system?
- nausea - increased risk of mouth and throat cancer - severe tooth decay - stomach ulcer - liver damage
51
how does drug abuse affect the sexual reproductive system?
- infertility (inability to conceive)
52
what can severe cases of drug abuse lead to?
irreversible damage of organs or death
53
what are organ transplants?
a medical procedure that is carried out to replace a damaged organ
54
what happens during an organ transplant?
an organ is removed from the body of a person (the donor) and placed in the body of another person (the recipient)
55
what are the ethical considerations involved in organ transplants?
respect for persons justice maximised benefits and minimal harm
56
how do we apply respect for persons during organ transplants?
- whether the donor was able to make their decision willingly - giving the donor the full information about organ donation in order to make their decision
57
how do we apply justice during organ transplants?
using a criteria that ensures fairness in the allocation of organs
58
how do we apply maximised benefits and minimised harm during organ transplants?
- making decisions that increase the chances of the patient’s survival - finding available alternative treatments for the patient waiting for an organ transplant - finding out the extent of which the patient’s quality of life be enhanced - considering the age when allocating an available organ to a potential recipient

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