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science > year 2 chap 12 > Flashcards

year 2 chap 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how does wasting food impact the environment?

A
  • growing crops and livestock for food requires water, energy, minerals in the soil and other resources on earth
  • wasting food is essentially wasting Earth’s limited resources.
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1
Q

how do our actions negatively impact the environment?

A
  • wasting food
  • using more electricity
  • using more water
  • creating excessive waste
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2
Q

how does using more electricity impact the environment?

A
  • in Singapore, electrical energy is obtained by burning natural gas (which is a limited resource)
  • when we use more electricity, more fuels are burnt to generate electricity
  • more carbon dioxide is given off which contributes to climate change.
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3
Q

how does using more water impact the environment?

A
  • only 1% of Earth’s water is considered fresh water, making it a limited resource
  • as consumption of water increases, fresh water decreases more quickly
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4
Q

how does creating excessive waste impact the environment?

A
  • when excessive waste is produced, more waste needs to be disposed
  • improper disposal pollutes the air, water and land
  • for example, waste that is disposed in the oceans can poison or kill marine organisms which consume it.
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5
Q

how can using only the amount of resources that we need help converse the environment?

A
  • it will help ensure Earth’s resources will last long enough for future needs
  • it will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the effects of climate change
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6
Q

what are some actions we can take to conserve the environment?

A
  • reducing the use of fossil fuels
  • reducing consumption
  • introducing environmentally friendly practices
  • reforestation
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7
Q

how does reducing the use of fossil fuels conserve the environment? and how can we do it?

A
  • using energy-efficient appliances will help reduce the use of fossil fuels for powering cars and electrical appliances
  • taking public transport or walking instead of taking a car
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8
Q

how does reducing consumption conserve the environment? and how can we do it?

A
  • we can reduce the need for raw materials such as wood which thus reduces deforestation
  • by minimising the use of paper, reusing items and recycling are ways to reduce consumption
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9
Q

how does introducing environmentally friendly practices conserve the environment? and how can we do it?

A
  • it reduces the emission of greenhouse gases thus reducing the effects of climate change
  • initiatives such as “bring your own bag” encourages us to be more environmentally friendly
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10
Q

how does reforestion conserve the environment? and how can we do it?

A
  • reforestation protects soil that stores carbon, when plants take in CO₂ during photosynthesis, they help store carbon and reduce the amount of CO₂ in the air
  • by planting more trees
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11
Q

what are the physical factors of the environment that affect survival?

A
  • pH
  • temperature
  • salinity (concentration of salt)
  • availability of water
  • air, water, light and minerals
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12
Q

what can physical factors of the environment be measured by?

A

data loggers and probes

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13
Q

how do organisms that are suited to live in their specific environments survive long enough to reproduce?

A

they have adapted to their environment and have adaptive traits that enable them to grow well in their environment

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14
Q

adaptive traits can either be?

A

structural or behavioural

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15
Q

what does structural adaptations mean?

A

physical characteristics of an organism that helps it survive in its habitat

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16
Q

what does behavioural adaptations mean?

A

different behaviours of an organism that allow it to survive in its habitat

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17
Q

what happens to the animals that are unable to adapt when environmental conditions in habitats change?

A

organisms that are unable to survive under the new conditions will die :)

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18
Q

what happens to the animals that are able to adapt when environmental conditions in habitats change?

A
  • the animals that are able to survive will go on to reproduce
  • their offspring will have similar adaptive traits and thus be able to survive under the new environmental conditions
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19
Q

what are the physical factors of a rainforest?

A
  • air is warm and has high humidity
  • rainfall is frequent and abundant
  • average temps are high and daily temp range is narrow
  • large amt of sunlight reaches the tree canopy but little reaches the ground
  • minerals are plentiful and mainly found near the surface of the soil
  • soil is usually acidic
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20
Q

what are the physical factors of a mangrove forest?

A
  • immersed in seawater at high tide and becomes dry at low tide
  • exposed to fresh water when it rains
  • exposed to a lot of sunlight
  • seawater carries many minerals to the habitat
  • seawater is highly alkaline
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21
Q

what is an organism?
give an example please

A
  • a singular animal that is usually adapted to the environment it lives in
  • a fish
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22
Q

what is a population?
give an example please

A
  • organisms of the same kind living in the same environment
  • a group of fishes
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23
Q

what is a community?
give an example please

A
  • different populations of plants and animals living and interacting in a particular environment
  • a group of fishes living alongside water snails, frogs and seaweed
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24
Q

what is an ecosystem?
give an example please

A
  • interactions between a community and its physical environment
  • the group of fishes, water snails, frogs and seaweed live in a pond and the water snails have homes in the sand and the fishes hide in the seaweed
25
Q

what are the 3 different types of interrelationships in an ecosystem?

A
  1. predator-prey relationship
  2. mutualism
  3. parasitism
26
Q

the predator hunts and kills its prey for ___

A

food

27
Q

what are some physical adaptations that a predator has so they can hunt successfully?

A

sharp teeth, high speed and sharp senses for detecting prey

28
Q

what are some behavioural adaptations that a predator has so they can hunt successfully?

A

different hunting strategies like mimicking their prey

29
Q

what are some physical adaptations that a prey has so they can avoid being caught by their predators?

A

high speed, small size, effective camouflage and defensive body parts like horns

30
Q

what is a mutualism relationship?

A

a relationship where two or more organisms support or benefit one another

31
Q

what is one way mutualism can occur?

A

when one organism provides another with protection in exchange for food

32
Q

what is parasitism?

A

a relationship that happens when a parasite causes harm to its host

33
Q

what is a parasite?

A

an organism that causes harm to another organism (known as the host) without killing it

34
Q

how does the parasite benefit from the relationship?

A

by obtaining food or nutrients from the body of its host, which can be a plant or an animal

35
Q

what happens when all the interrelationships between organisms in a community are maintained?

A

the result is a stable ecosystem

36
Q

in a food chain or food web, what is the green plant and what does it do?

A
  • they are producers
  • they make food using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light during photosynthesis
37
Q

what is food produced by plants used for?

A

to provide energy needed for life processes in plants through a chemical reaction (cellular respiration)

38
Q

what do plant cells do in the presence of oxygen?

A

they break down food substances through respiration to release energy

39
Q

the energy released by the plants is used for?

A

growth and some of the energy is stored within the plants as chemical potential energy

40
Q

food chains and food webs represent?

A

energy flow and nutrient cycling

41
Q

how do animals obtain energy?
what are they known as?

A
  • animals obtain energy when they feed on plants or other animals or both
  • they are known as consumers
42
Q

the ___ in food is used by the consumer during ___

A

chemical potential energy ; respiration

43
Q

the feeding relationship between organisms is represented by ___ in a food chain

A

the arrows

44
Q

what happens during feeding?

A

during feeding, energy & nutrients are transferred from one organism to another

45
Q

what are the different levels of consumers?

A

primary consumer
secondary consumer
tertiary consumer

46
Q

____ consumer feeds on the ____ consumer and the ____ consumer feeds on the ____ consumer

A

tertiary ; secondary
secondary ; primary

47
Q

food webs show how one or more food chains are ____

A

interconnected

48
Q

___ are always at the start of every food chain or food web

A

producers

49
Q

why are producers at the start of every food chain or food web?

A

because they are the only organisms that can make food using light energy from the sun

50
Q

in an ecosystem, the flow of ___ occurs with the flow of ___

A

energy ; nutrients

51
Q

what is involved in the flow of energy and nutrients in the ecosystem?

A

photosynthesis and respiration

52
Q

is the flow of energy cyclical or non-cyclical?

A

flow of energy in a food chain/food web is non-cyclical

53
Q

what is the 10% rule?

A

at each stage, 90% of the energy is released into the environment as heat energy so only 10% of energy is passed on to the next stage

54
Q

why is the flow of energy in a food chain/food web non-cyclical?

A
  • producers respire to release energy for life processes
  • consumers respire to release energy stored in food and release energy stored in undigested food in the form of faeces
  • decomposers they release energy through respiration
  • this energy cannot be reused by producers for photosynthesis so the flow of energy is cyclical
55
Q

is the flow of nutrients cyclical or non-cyclical?

A

flow of nutrients in a food chain/food web is cyclical

56
Q

why is the flow of nutrients in a food chain/food web cyclical?

A
  • when producers are eaten by consumers, nutrients in them are transferred to the consumers
  • when the consumers are eaten by their predators, the nutrients in them are passed on to their predators
  • decomposers break down the remains of dead organisms and faeces which helps return the nutrients in them to the environment
57
Q

how can we can help maintain the stability of the ecosystem?

A

by conserving the environment and hence the organisms living in it

58
Q

why should we practise sustainable lifestyles?

A

to decrease the rate of climate change

59
Q

how does practising sustainable lifestyles maintain the stability of the ecosystem?

A

this will slow down environmental changes and allows organisms and ecosystems sufficient time to adapt to any changes in their environments

60
Q

how is SG trying to conserve the environment?

A
  • composting of food waste
  • the compost (decaying matter) can be used as fertilisers
  • through composting, we can reduce the amount of waste that needs to be burnt and hence reduce the amount of greenhouse gases released

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