Year 11 Vocab Test Flashcards
1
Q
Accuracy
A
Closeness of measurements to the true value of the quantity being measured
2
Q
Acid
A
An acidic substance that donates a proton (H+) and has a pH less than 7 in aqueous solution at 25°C
3
Q
Acid rain
A
Precipitation with a pH less than 5
4
Q
Addition reaction
A
A reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a larger product
5
Q
Adsorption
A
The process in which a compound interacts with the stationary phase during a chromatography experiment
6
Q
Aim
A
The main purpose of an investigation and what you hope to achieve
7
Q
Alcohol
A
A family of organic compounds characterized by a hydroxyl functional group
8
Q
Alkaline
A
A water-soluble base that gains an H+ ion and has a pH greater than 7 in water at 25°C
9
Q
Alkyl group
A
A group that is part of a larger molecule and is represented as an alkane minus a hydrogen atom, e.g. methyl (-CH3)
10
Q
Allotrope
A
A different structural form of the same chemical element
11
Q
Alloy
A
A metallic substance composed of two or more elements
12
Q
Amphiprotic
A
A substance that is able to donate or accept a proton (H+ ion)
13
Q
Anion
A
An atom that has gained electron(s), resulting in an overall negative charge
14
Q
Anode
A
The electrode at which oxidation occurs
15
Q
Atom
A
The smallest piece of an element that retains the properties of that element
16
Q
Atomic number
A
The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom
17
Q
Atomic radius
A
A measure of the size of an atom from the centre of its nucleus to its valence shell
18
Q
Avogadro’s constant
A
The number of particles in a mole: 6.02 × 10^23 mol-1
19
Q
Avogadro’s law
A
States that the volume of a gas is proportional to the number of moles of gas when temperature and pressure are constant
20
Q
Base
A
An alkaline substance that accepts a proton (H+) and has a pH between 8 and 14 in aqueous solution at 25°C
21
Q
Bioaccumulation
A
The build-up of heavy metals in organisms
22
Q
Biodegradable
A
A substance or object capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms and thereby avoiding pollution
23
Q
Biomagnification
A
The build-up (increasing concentration) of heavy metals as we move up the food chain
24
Q
Biomass
A
Renewable organic matter that comes from plants, animals and other living organisms.
25
Bioplastic
Plastic produced from renewable plant sources
26
Bohr model
Also called the shell model. Shows the position of electrons in shells around the nucleus.
27
Boiling point
The temperature at which the vapor pressure above the liquid equals the pressure exerted by the surroundings on the liquid; the temperature at which the liquid boils.
28
Bond length
The optimal distance between the nuclei of two atoms within a molecule, allowing them to not repel each other but still share bonding electrons.
29
Bond strength
The amount of energy required to break apart one mole of covalently bonded molecules in the gas state, measured in kJ mol-1.
30
Branched alkane
An alkane where the carbon atoms form a branched structure.
31
Brittle
Hard and rigid but easily broken. A result of the same charged ions in ionic compounds coming together, causing them to repel and the crystal lattice to shatter/break.
32
Bromo
A functional group characterised by a bromine atom bonded to a carbon.
33
Calibrated
Any instrument for quantitative measurement that has been checked, verified and rectified if required.
34
Calibration curve
A graph created by plotting the absorbance of a series of standard solutions against their respective concentration.
35
Electrode
A connecting terminal that allows current to enter or leave.
36
Capillary action
The movement of a substance due to adhesion (attractive forces between the solvent and stationary phase) and cohesion (attractive forces between molecules of the solvent).
37
Carbon dioxide
A gas, CO 2 , that is an important part of the carbon cycle.
37
Carboxyl group
A functional group consisting of -COOH.
37
Carbon neutral
A replenishing process where there is an overall balance between releasing and absorbing CO 2 from the atmosphere.
37
Carboxylic acid
A family of organic molecules characterised by the presence of a carboxyl group.
38
Cathode
The electrode at which reduction occurs.
38
Chemical property
The behaviour of an element or substance when it reacts with another element or substance.
38
Catalysis
A process where a substance known as a catalyst is used during a reaction, speeding up the reaction rate.
39
Cation
An atom that has lost electron(s) from its valence shell, resulting in an overall positive charge.
40
Chloro
A functional group characterised by a chlorine atom bonded to a carbon.
41
Circular economy
An economy that functions on a continuous cycle with a focus on optimising the re-use of resources and materials.
42
Colorimetry
A type of spectroscopy used to determine the concentration of coloured compounds found in solutions. Light is selected using a coloured filter.
43
CO 2 equivalent
A measure used to compare the global warming potential of different greenhouse gases by converting them to the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ).
44
Combustion reaction
A reaction involving oxygen that produces carbon dioxide (or carbon monoxide or carbon), water and heat.
45
Complex half-equation
Either the reduction or oxidation part of a redox reaction involving more than one element.
46
Compound
A substance formed from two or more different types of atoms in a fixed ratio.
47
Concentrated
A solution with a large number of molecules of the solute dissolved in a given volume.
48
Concordant in titration
The volume of two or more titres that are within 0.1 mL of each other.
49
Conductivity meter
An instrument that measures the amount of electrical conductivity a solution has; used to indicate levels of dissolved ions.
50
Conductor
A material that allows the flow of charge (electrical current).
51
Conjugate acid-base pair
Represents the reactant (acid)/product (base) pairs that differ by the loss or gain of a hydrogen ion, H+, e.g. HNO3 /NO3 -
52
Control group
The set-up or group in an experiment that does not receive treatment; it is used as the 'standard of comparison'.
53
Controlled variable
Anything kept constant, or monitored, so it does not affect the independent and dependent variables, and therefore the validity of experimental results.
54
Core charge
The electrostatic force of attraction between valence electrons and the nucleus. It can be calculated by subtracting the number of non-valence electrons from the number of protons.
55
Corrosion
An irreversible reaction at the surface of a material with its environment, which results in deterioration of the material.
56
Covalent bond
A shared pair of electrons between two atoms within a molecule; co means 'together'; valent means 'valence electrons'.
57
Critical element
A chemical element essential to the economic or national security of a nation and vulnerable to disruption of supply.
58
Crude oil
A naturally occurring mixture of liquid hydrocarbons that can be used as a fuel source.
59
Cuvette
A small rectangular tube with two sides that are transparent to UV and visible light.
60
Delocalised electron
An electron that is not associated with any particular atom and is free to move.
61
Degradation
The process of a substance breaking down into a less complex state.
62
Desorption
The process in which a compound interacts with the mobile phase during a chromatography experiment.
63
Dependent variable
The variable that changes in response to changes in the independent variable; the experimenter measures these changes.
64
Dilute
A solution with a small number of molecules of the solute dissolved in a given volume.
65
Diatomic
An element that consists of two atoms; the prefix di means 'two'.
66
Dimer
A complex where two molecules are linked together.
67
Dilution
The process of adding a solvent to a solution to reduce its concentration.
68
Dipole
A bond or molecule where the ends have opposite partial charges, one positive and one negative.
69
Dipole-dipole attraction
an intermolecular force present between polar molecules that have permanent dipoles
70
Diprotic acid
A substance that can act as a Brønsted- Lowry acid twice, as it has two protons, H+ ions, to donate to a Brønsted-Lowry base.
71
Dispersion force
A weak intermolecular force present in all molecules created between instantaneous dipoles. Also known as London dispersion forces or van der Waals forces.
72
Displacement reaction
When a more reactive element replaces another. In a metal displacement reaction, the ions of the less reactive element are displaced from the solution and form a solid.
73
Dissolution
The process in which molecules or ions become separated and mobile when surrounded by solvent molecules. For ionic compounds, they are split into ions that then form an electrostatic force of attraction with the solvent.
74
Double displacement reaction
A chemical reaction in which ionic compounds swap their cations and anions.
75
Ductility
The ability of a material to be drawn out into a long wire without breaking.
76
Electrolyte
A non-reactive solution or paste that enables the flow of charged particles and helps to facilitate the redox reactions.
77
Electrolysis
The process of forcing a redox reaction to occur by passing an electric current through an electrolyte.
78
Electromagnetic spectrum
The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, measured in wavelength, from long radio waves to short gamma rays.
79
Electromagnetic radiation
A form of energy that is all around us and takes many forms, such as radio waves, microwaves, X-rays and gamma rays. Visible light is a form of electromagnetic energy.
80
Electron
A negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom.
81
Electron domain
The negatively charged area around an atom.
82
Electron transfer
The exchange of electrons that occurs during a redox reaction. Electrons are transferred from the reducing agent to the oxidising agent.
83
Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself. This is affected by an atom's core charge and the distance electrons are from the nucleus (atomic radius).
84
Element
A pure substance made of only one type of atom.
85
Electrostatic force of attraction
The attraction between positive and negatively charged particles that are not directly in contact.
86
Empirical formula
The simplest whole-number ratio of elements within a compound.
87
Emission spectrum (plural: spectra)
The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a source, such as atoms.
88
Enhanced greenhouse effect
The change of the normal climate equilibrium on Earth, primarily an increase in temperatures globally. Caused by increased emissions of greenhouse gases; also known as global warming.
89
End point
The point in titration when the indicator changes colour.
90
Equivalence point
The point in a titration when the number of moles of the acid and the base are present in the stoichiometric ratio that achieves neutralisation.
91
Excited state
When electron(s) in an atom have gained energy and are no longer in their lowest possible energy state closest to the nucleus.
92
Experimental validity
The extent to which all variables in the experiment have been controlled, so that the independent variable is the only factor that changes.
93
Feedstock
Raw material that is used to supply an industrial process.
94
First ionisation energy
the energy required to remove the first, or outermost, electron from a gaseous atom
95
Filtration
the process by which precipitate is removed from a solution by passing it through a medium that only allows fluid to pass through, such as filter paper
96
Fluoro
a functional group characterised by a fluorine atom bonded to a carbon
97
Fossil fuel-based plastic
plastic in which the monomers are derived from either petroleum or natural gas
98
Fossil fuel
a source of fuel made from decomposing plants and animals over hundreds of millions of years. It consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms
99
Fractional distillation
separation of a mixture of liquids into separate fractions based on their boiling points
100
Full balanced equation
a balanced equation that shows all atoms involved in a reaction, including spectator ions
101
Functional group
an atom or a group of atoms in an organic molecule that largely determines the molecule's properties and reactions
102
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