Organic Chemistry Flashcards
How many electrons does one bond line represent?
2 electrons
What is a heteroatom?
Any atom that isn’t carbon or hydrogen
Are organic compounds responsible for the colour of food such as fruits and vegetables?
Yes
What is the point of IUPAC
to create standard international rules for everyone to follow
What is the definition of an alkane?
A hydrocarbon with only single bonds
What is the definition of an alkene?
The functional groups are double bonds between carbons
What is the definition of an alkyne?
The functional groups are triple bonds between carbons
What is the functional group of an alcohol?
OH
How could you name an alcohol that is an alkane?
Pentan-1-ol
How could you name an alcohol that is also an alkene?
Pent-2-en-1-ol
What is the functional group common to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids?
Carbonyl groups
Does an aldehyde or a ketone have two carbon chains on the carbonyl group?
Ketone
Does an aldehyde or a ketone have one carbon chain on the carbonyl group?
Aldehyde
Why don’t you have to number the “al” suffix?
Because it is an aldehyde and the carbonyl has to be on the first carbon
What compound has COOH on the first carbon?
Carboxylic acid
What is a benzene ring?
A six carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds
What are the five VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory) shapes used in organic chemistry?
Linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral.
What is a lewis structure?
A two dimensional model that represents covalent bonds as straight lines and unbonded valence eletrons as dots.
How many valence electrons can hydrogen hold?
2
What is the octet rule?
It says that most elements want 8 valence electrons to be stable, which is imortant when drawing lewis structures
Are electrons particles or waves?
They are both
What can be done when energy is added to the electron field?
Electrons can be described as a wave function
What is a wave function?
A mathematical function to find the probability of an electron being in any given spot at any given time
E
Electrons exist as excitations in the electron field around the nucleus in a standing wave.
What is the s orbital?
The simplest of the wave functions that can contain 2 electrons, and exists as a spherical pattern of standing waves around the nucleus.
How many s orbitals are there?
2
What orbital comes after the s orbital?
the p orbitals (there are 3, with one on the x axis, one on y axis, one of z axis)
What happens when orbitals interact and join together?
This process is called hybridization, and can result in the creation of molecular shapes such as the tetrahedral shape
Why is water polar?
Because it’s orbitals form a tetraedral shape, and the hydrogens each have to stick to one orbital, so they can’t be opposite each other
What is a sigma bond?
Head-on direct overlapping of atomic orbitals
What is a pi bond?
Side bonds between two atomic orbitals, that weren’t directly in contact before but now overlap sideways
Do all organic molecules have 3d shapes?
Yes. All organic molecules can be plotted on a 3D cartesian coordinate system with x, y, z axis
What is the VSEPR theory
That the 3D shape of a molecule is determined by a central atom’s lone pairs of electrons and the other atoms it is bonded to
What is a molecular shape?
A model that describes only how atoms in a molecule relate to each other and pretend lone pairs are invisible