Everything to remember Flashcards
What catalyst is required for the conversion from alkane to haloalkane?
UV light
What catalyst is required for conversion from alcohol to carboxylic acid?
This is an oxidation reaction so it requires a strong oxidising agent. Either Cr2O7(2-)/H+ or MnO4(-)/H+
Carboxylic acid and alcohol reacting to create an ester
strong acid catalyst such as conc. H2SO4(l) or conc. H3PO4(l). The reaction condition of heat is also written below the arrow.
What catalyst is required for the hydration reaction to convert an alkene to an alcohol?
A strong acid either conc. H3PO4(l) or conc. H2SO4(l). Heat is also needed, around 300 degrees.
What catalyst is required for the hydrogenation reaction between an alkene and H2 gas?
Transition metal catalyst such an Ni, Pd, or Pt
What happens when an oxidising agent is added to a primary alcohol at a high temperature?
It creates a carboxylic acid
What happens when an oxidising agent is added to a primary alcohol at a low temperature?
It produces an aldehyde
What happens when an aldehyde and strong oxidising agents are added together at a high temperature?
It produces a carboxylic acid
What is the definition of a substitution reaction?
A substitution reaction is where an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is exchanged for another atom or group of atoms.
What type of energy input do alkanes need to undergo a substitution reaction with a a halogen?
Ultraviolent light
What is it called when a halogen replaces a hydrogen in an alkane?
A halogenation reaction
What is produced when haloalkanes react with aqueous metal hydroxides?
Alkanols
What is a halide?
A halide is a molecule with a halgoen bonded to any other compound.
What is a hydrogen halide?
A halogen bonded to a hydrogen
What is a hydrogenation reaction?
When H2 is added to a C=C double bond, and C=C bond is changed to a C-C bond.
What is the definition of an addition reaction of an alkene?
An addition reaction of an alkene is where a molecule is added across the double bond of an alkene
What is a hydrohalogenation reaction?
A type of reaction in which a hydrogen halide is added across the C=C double bond of an alkene, to form a haloalkane.
What is the definition of a hydration reaction?
Addition reactions involving water added across a C=C double bond
What can happen if the alkene in an addition reaction is not symmetric?
Two different products can be formed depending on which side of the C=C the H is replaced.
What type of reaction is it when H2 gas is added to an alkene to form an alkane?
An addition reaction, hydrogenation
If an alkene is reacted with excess quantity of a halogen, what can be formed?
A dihaloalkane
What is the product of an oxidation reaction in the presence of acid H+
A carboxylic acid
What is the reaction type that converts a primary alcohol into a carboxylic acid or an aldehyde?
An oxidation reaction
What are antioxidants?
Reducing agents, they prevent oxidative rancidity
What catalyst is required for hydrolysis of an ester?
NaOH or KOH
What is a base?
Accepts proton
What is an acid?
Donates proton
When to use Kelvin?
When only using temperature, rather than temperature change: pV=nRT for example
As chain length increases, boiling point and melting point…?
Also increase, due to stronger intermolecular bonds
Bromine test is performed, what does it mean if the solution goes colourless in the dark?
It is an alkene
Bromine test is performed, what does it mean if the solution stays yellow/orange in the dark and goes colourless in the light?
It is an alkane
Bromine test is performed, what does it mean if the solution stays yellow orange in light and dark?
It is neither alkane or alkene
What is the principle of the bromine test?
Alkanes and alkenes react differently in the presence of halogens
Baeyer’s test is performed, what does it mean if solution mixed with potassium permanganate remains purple?
It is an alkane and there is no reaction
Baeyer’s test is performed, what does it mean if solution mixed with potassium permanganate changes colour?
Reacts and therefore is an alkene
What is the principle of the baeyer’s test?
Only double or triple bonds will be oxidised
What bonds are involved in the primary structure of a protein
Peptide bonds, covalent bonds between CO and NH.
What bonds are involved in the secondary structure of a protein
Hydrogen bonds.
The hydrogen bonding determines the proteins secondary structure as either beta-pleated sheet or alpha helix.
What bonds are involved in the tertiary AND quartnery structures of a protein
Hydrophobic interactions
Ionic interactions
Disulfide bridges
Dipole-dipole interactions
Hydrogen bonding
What are hydrophobic interactions in protein tertiary and quarternary structure?
Dispersion forces that act between non-polar R groups
What are ionic interactions in protein tertiary and quarternary structure?
between the NH3+ part of one R group and COO- part of a different R group
What are disulfide bridges in protein tertiary and quarternary structure?
Two sulfides covalently bonding
Alkene + Halogen molecule
Dihaloalkane
Alkene + H2 (Transition metal catalyst)
Alkane
Alkane + Halogen (UV Light)
Haloalkane
Alkene + Hydrogen halide
Haloalkane
Alkene + H20 (conc. H2SO4/H+)
Alcohol
Haloalkane + NaOH/KOH
Alcohol
Alcohol + Cr2O7-/H+
Carboxylic acid (from primary alcohol at high temp)
Aldehyde (primary alcohol at low temp)
Ketone (secondary alcohol)
Alcohol + Carboxylic acid (conc. H2SO4)
Ester
Breaking bonds…
Endothermic (absorbs energy)
Forming bonds…
Exothermic (releases energy)
What is the purpose of the salt bridge
to keep the solutions electrically neutral and allow the free flow of ions from one cell to another.
Benefits of fuel cells?
- can operate at higher efficiencies than combustion engines
- can convert the chemical energy in the fuel directly to electrical energy
- Have lower or zero emissions compared to combustion engines
Biogas production
Produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste (e.g., animal manure, food waste) and is mainly methane.
bioethanol production
Produced through fermentation of crops like sugarcane and corn. Often blended with gasoline to reduce emissions.
biodiesel production
Derived from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. Can be used in diesel engines with fewer emissions.
coal
High carbon content and releases a large amount of CO₂ and pollutants like sulphur dioxide.
formed from biomass from plants that were alive millions of years ago
Natural gas
Primarily methane (CH₄); cleaner-burning than other fossil fuels, producing less CO₂ per energy unit.
Petrol
Composed of hydrocarbons; refined into various fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel) but contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.
glucose fermentation
C6H12O6 (aq) → 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)
Adsorb
To stationary phase (not absorbing! rolling around the stationary phase
Desorbtion
To mobile phase away from stationary phase
Mass spec?
Bombardment with electrons, each fragement loses an electron and becomes positively charged and unstable.
Fragmentation in mass spec
positively charged unstable parent molecule can sometimes fragment to produce another cation and a free radical.
How to write a free radical?
Big dot after semi-structural formula
When asked what the formula for a certain peak is in mass spec how to write it?
Square brackets with positive charge outside the brackets around the semi-structural formula
Three common isotopes?
Carbon 12 and Carbon 13
Bromine 79 and Bromine 81
Chlorine 35 and Chlorine 37
Calculating molar mass with two significant isotopes present?
Need to take into consideration the relative atomic mass, the fact that the two isotopes will produce molecules with different molar mass
Principles of IR
Bonds will vibrate differently depending on the steength of the bond. Molecular mass affects this the most
What does tms look like?
One si in the middle surrounded by 4 methyl groups
Why is tms important?
si has a low electronegativity resulting in the H atoms being much more shielded than H atoms in organic molecules
What is the most significant factor for mass spec?
charge
what is the most significant factor for ir spec
molar mass
what is the most important factor for nmr?
magnetic spin
What is the best combination of acids and bases for titration?
strong acid and strong base
What pH is analysed in acid base titrations?
the pH in the conical flask, not the burette
What is an example of a strong acid?
HCL
What is an example of a weak acid?
CH3COOH
What is an example of a strong base?
NaOH
What is an example of a weak base?
Ammonia NH3
Whhat is the iodine number?
Mass of iodine reacted with 100g of another substance
What is the balancde redox reaction for a PEM?
2H2(g) + O2(g) –> 2H20(l)
Acid and carbonate
Salt, CO2 and H2O
