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Year 12 Chemistry > Everything to remember > Flashcards

Everything to remember Flashcards

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1
Q

What catalyst is required for the conversion from alkane to haloalkane?

A

UV light

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2
Q

What catalyst is required for conversion from alcohol to carboxylic acid?

A

This is an oxidation reaction so it requires a strong oxidising agent. Either Cr2O7(2-)/H+ or MnO4(-)/H+

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3
Q

Carboxylic acid and alcohol reacting to create an ester

A

strong acid catalyst such as conc. H2SO4(l) or conc. H3PO4(l). The reaction condition of heat is also written below the arrow.

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4
Q

What catalyst is required for the hydration reaction to convert an alkene to an alcohol?

A

A strong acid either conc. H3PO4(l) or conc. H2SO4(l). Heat is also needed, around 300 degrees.

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5
Q

What catalyst is required for the hydrogenation reaction between an alkene and H2 gas?

A

Transition metal catalyst such an Ni, Pd, or Pt

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6
Q

What happens when an oxidising agent is added to a primary alcohol at a high temperature?

A

It creates a carboxylic acid

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7
Q

What happens when an oxidising agent is added to a primary alcohol at a low temperature?

A

It produces an aldehyde

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8
Q

What happens when an aldehyde and strong oxidising agents are added together at a high temperature?

A

It produces a carboxylic acid

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9
Q

What is the definition of a substitution reaction?

A

A substitution reaction is where an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is exchanged for another atom or group of atoms.

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10
Q

What type of energy input do alkanes need to undergo a substitution reaction with a a halogen?

A

Ultraviolent light

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11
Q

What is it called when a halogen replaces a hydrogen in an alkane?

A

A halogenation reaction

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12
Q

What is produced when haloalkanes react with aqueous metal hydroxides?

A

Alkanols

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13
Q

What is a halide?

A

A halide is a molecule with a halgoen bonded to any other compound.

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14
Q

What is a hydrogen halide?

A

A halogen bonded to a hydrogen

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15
Q

What is a hydrogenation reaction?

A

When H2 is added to a C=C double bond, and C=C bond is changed to a C-C bond.

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16
Q

What is the definition of an addition reaction of an alkene?

A

An addition reaction of an alkene is where a molecule is added across the double bond of an alkene

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17
Q

What is a hydrohalogenation reaction?

A

A type of reaction in which a hydrogen halide is added across the C=C double bond of an alkene, to form a haloalkane.

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18
Q

What is the definition of a hydration reaction?

A

Addition reactions involving water added across a C=C double bond

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19
Q

What can happen if the alkene in an addition reaction is not symmetric?

A

Two different products can be formed depending on which side of the C=C the H is replaced.

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20
Q

What type of reaction is it when H2 gas is added to an alkene to form an alkane?

A

An addition reaction, hydrogenation

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21
Q

If an alkene is reacted with excess quantity of a halogen, what can be formed?

A

A dihaloalkane

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22
Q

What is the product of an oxidation reaction in the presence of acid H+

A

A carboxylic acid

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23
Q

What is the reaction type that converts a primary alcohol into a carboxylic acid or an aldehyde?

A

An oxidation reaction

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24
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Reducing agents, they prevent oxidative rancidity

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25
Q

What catalyst is required for hydrolysis of an ester?

A

NaOH or KOH

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26
Q

What is a base?

A

Accepts proton

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27
Q

What is an acid?

A

Donates proton

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28
Q

When to use Kelvin?

A

When only using temperature, rather than temperature change: pV=nRT for example

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29
Q

As chain length increases, boiling point and melting point…?

A

Also increase, due to stronger intermolecular bonds

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30
Q

Bromine test is performed, what does it mean if the solution goes colourless in the dark?

A

It is an alkene

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31
Q

Bromine test is performed, what does it mean if the solution stays yellow/orange in the dark and goes colourless in the light?

A

It is an alkane

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32
Q

Bromine test is performed, what does it mean if the solution stays yellow orange in light and dark?

A

It is neither alkane or alkene

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33
Q

What is the principle of the bromine test?

A

Alkanes and alkenes react differently in the presence of halogens

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34
Q

Baeyer’s test is performed, what does it mean if solution mixed with potassium permanganate remains purple?

A

It is an alkane and there is no reaction

35
Q

Baeyer’s test is performed, what does it mean if solution mixed with potassium permanganate changes colour?

A

Reacts and therefore is an alkene

36
Q

What is the principle of the baeyer’s test?

A

Only double or triple bonds will be oxidised

37
Q

What bonds are involved in the primary structure of a protein

A

Peptide bonds, covalent bonds between CO and NH.

38
Q

What bonds are involved in the secondary structure of a protein

A

Hydrogen bonds.
The hydrogen bonding determines the proteins secondary structure as either beta-pleated sheet or alpha helix.

39
Q

What bonds are involved in the tertiary AND quartnery structures of a protein

A

Hydrophobic interactions
Ionic interactions
Disulfide bridges
Dipole-dipole interactions
Hydrogen bonding

40
Q

What are hydrophobic interactions in protein tertiary and quarternary structure?

A

Dispersion forces that act between non-polar R groups

41
Q

What are ionic interactions in protein tertiary and quarternary structure?

A

between the NH3+ part of one R group and COO- part of a different R group

42
Q

What are disulfide bridges in protein tertiary and quarternary structure?

A

Two sulfides covalently bonding

43
Q

Alkene + Halogen molecule

A

Dihaloalkane

44
Q

Alkene + H2 (Transition metal catalyst)

A

Alkane

45
Q

Alkane + Halogen (UV Light)

A

Haloalkane

46
Q

Alkene + Hydrogen halide

A

Haloalkane

47
Q

Alkene + H20 (conc. H2SO4/H+)

A

Alcohol

48
Q

Haloalkane + NaOH/KOH

A

Alcohol

49
Q

Alcohol + Cr2O7-/H+

A

Carboxylic acid (from primary alcohol at high temp)
Aldehyde (primary alcohol at low temp)
Ketone (secondary alcohol)

50
Q

Alcohol + Carboxylic acid (conc. H2SO4)

A

Ester

51
Q

Breaking bonds…

A

Endothermic (absorbs energy)

52
Q

Forming bonds…

A

Exothermic (releases energy)

53
Q

What is the purpose of the salt bridge

A

to keep the solutions electrically neutral and allow the free flow of ions from one cell to another.

54
Q

Benefits of fuel cells?

A
  • can operate at higher efficiencies than combustion engines
  • can convert the chemical energy in the fuel directly to electrical energy
  • Have lower or zero emissions compared to combustion engines
55
Q

Biogas production

A

Produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste (e.g., animal manure, food waste) and is mainly methane.

56
Q

bioethanol production

A

Produced through fermentation of crops like sugarcane and corn. Often blended with gasoline to reduce emissions.

57
Q

biodiesel production

A

Derived from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. Can be used in diesel engines with fewer emissions.

58
Q

coal

A

High carbon content and releases a large amount of CO₂ and pollutants like sulphur dioxide.
formed from biomass from plants that were alive millions of years ago

59
Q

Natural gas

A

Primarily methane (CH₄); cleaner-burning than other fossil fuels, producing less CO₂ per energy unit.

60
Q

Petrol

A

Composed of hydrocarbons; refined into various fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel) but contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.

61
Q

glucose fermentation

A

C6H12O6 (aq) → 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)

62
Q

Adsorb

A

To stationary phase (not absorbing! rolling around the stationary phase

63
Q

Desorbtion

A

To mobile phase away from stationary phase

64
Q

Mass spec?

A

Bombardment with electrons, each fragement loses an electron and becomes positively charged and unstable.

65
Q

Fragmentation in mass spec

A

positively charged unstable parent molecule can sometimes fragment to produce another cation and a free radical.

66
Q

How to write a free radical?

A

Big dot after semi-structural formula

67
Q

When asked what the formula for a certain peak is in mass spec how to write it?

A

Square brackets with positive charge outside the brackets around the semi-structural formula

68
Q

Three common isotopes?

A

Carbon 12 and Carbon 13
Bromine 79 and Bromine 81
Chlorine 35 and Chlorine 37

69
Q

Calculating molar mass with two significant isotopes present?

A

Need to take into consideration the relative atomic mass, the fact that the two isotopes will produce molecules with different molar mass

70
Q

Principles of IR

A

Bonds will vibrate differently depending on the steength of the bond. Molecular mass affects this the most

71
Q

What does tms look like?

A

One si in the middle surrounded by 4 methyl groups

72
Q

Why is tms important?

A

si has a low electronegativity resulting in the H atoms being much more shielded than H atoms in organic molecules

73
Q

What is the most significant factor for mass spec?

A

charge

74
Q

what is the most significant factor for ir spec

A

molar mass

75
Q

what is the most important factor for nmr?

A

magnetic spin

76
Q

What is the best combination of acids and bases for titration?

A

strong acid and strong base

77
Q

What pH is analysed in acid base titrations?

A

the pH in the conical flask, not the burette

78
Q

What is an example of a strong acid?

A

HCL

79
Q

What is an example of a weak acid?

A

CH3COOH

80
Q

What is an example of a strong base?

A

NaOH

81
Q

What is an example of a weak base?

A

Ammonia NH3

82
Q

Whhat is the iodine number?

A

Mass of iodine reacted with 100g of another substance

83
Q

What is the balancde redox reaction for a PEM?

A

2H2(g) + O2(g) –> 2H20(l)

84
Q

Acid and carbonate

A

Salt, CO2 and H2O

Year 12 Chemistry (11 decks)

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