Year 11 - bio T1 Flashcards
Population
Number of members of a single specie
Community
All the organisms in a habitat
Habitat
Where animals and plants live
Ecosystem
The community and enviroment
Ecologist
A person who studies habitats
Enviroment
The surrounding of an organism
Humidity
How much water vapor there is in the air
Light intensity
How bright the light is
Micro habitat
Small area in a habitat where organisms live
Quadrat
A sampling square used to estimate plant populations
Explain the quadrat practicle
- Place quadrant randomly in sampling area
- Count the number of members in an organism
- Repeat this three times
- Repeat this in another area
Abiotic Fabiots
Non-living environmental factors that can affect the organisms in ecosystems
They can affect a range of species as each org is adapted to certain environments eg :light intensity, soil Ph , O2 level, availability of minerals and nutrients p
Biotic Fabiots
-Interaction associated with living orgs
They will affect all species as they have the vulnerability of being food to predators or being a host to a disease that can affect populations of species eg: predation, disease, competition for food, bacteria, fungi
Producers
Orgs that produce their own organic nutrients such as plants through photosynthesis
Primary consumers
Herbivores feed on plants
Secondary consumer
Predators that feed on secondary consumers
Tertiary consumer
Predators that feed on the secondary consumer
Decomposers
Bacteria and fungi that breaks down dead animal’s body, urea and undigested waste for energy (using enzymes to break down compounds)
Food chains
Shows the feeding relationship between living things
Food webs
Shows all the food chains in an ecosystem, showing the food of energy in a habitat
Pyramids of numbers
Shows the population of each org at each trophic level in a food chain.
The bars represent the population so wider the bar, the larger the population
Producer at the bottom
Energy is lost to the surroundings form one trophic level to the next so there are usually fewer organisms at each trophic level
Tree —> aphid —> blue tit
1 100 2
Pyramids of Biomass
Biomass is the mass of living material in each org multiplied by their population at each trophic level
As biomass is a measure of the amount of food available, this decreases form one trophic level to the next as energy is lost to respiration, not digested or not eaten
Clover —> snail —> blue tit —> sparrow hawk
1000 50 20. 10
Pyramids of energy transfer
Shows the transfer of energy at each trophic level form one trophic level to the next
Energy is lost by respiration, may not be digested or may not be eaten , causing the availability of energy to be passed on to decrease this.
Energy is lost to
RESPIRATION - to release energy for life processes such as movement or heat energy
NOT EATEN - Food may not all be eaten such as bones or fibers
NOT DIGESTED- Food may not be digested, resulting in energy lost to fame es which are broken down by decomposes
EXCRETED IN WASTE- Food eaten is broken down and excreted as waste eg: urea
TROPHIC LEVELS - Feeding levels in a food chain
Carbon cycles
Describes the movement of carbon molecules in the enviroment
Carbon cycles - Respiration
All living orgs will respire aerobically and release CO2 into the atmosphere as organic compounds that are broken down to realize energy
Carbon cycle - photosynthesis
Photosynthesis flexes carbon atoms from atmospheric CO2 into organic molecules and becomes part of complex carbon compounds in plants
Carbon cycle - decomposition
Dead orgs are broken down by decomposers and carbon in their bodies are returned to the atmosphere as CO2
Carbon cycle - Combustion
If decomposition is blocked, plant and animal material are available as fossil fuels after a long period of time. Combustion of fossil fuels real eases CO2 back into the atmosphere
Human influences on the environment - Sulfur dioxide explication
- Fossil Fuels will Burn to Produce Sulfur Dioxide
- Sulfur Dioxide will Dissolve in Water Droplets in Clouds, Forming Dilute Sulfuric Acid, Causing Acid Rain
Human influences on the environment - sulfur dioxide consequences
-Leaches Minerals and Nutrients Out of the Soil and cause Plants and Trees to Die
-Damages Waxy Layer of Leaves, Making it Difficult for Trees to Absorb -Mineral Ions they Need for Growth
-Makes Rivers and Lakes Too Acidic, Resulting in Aquatic Organisms to
DieCorrodes Metals (Steel) and Limestone in Buildings
Human influences on the environment - carbon monoxide explanation
- Poisonous Gas that is Produced when Fossil Fuels Burn in Limited Amount of Air (Incomplete Combustion)
- Binds Irreversibly to Haemoglobin and Reduces the Capacity of Oxygen Carried in Red Blood Cells
Human influences on the environment - carbon monoxide consequences
- Reduces Capacity of Oxygen Carried in Blood so will cause Tiredness, Unconsciousness and Even Death
- Less Oxygen for Aerobic Respiration so can cause Emphysema
- If Pregnant, Insufficient Oxygen so Less Aerobic Respiration to Release Energy for Growth of Fetus
Greenhouse gases
Gases that Absorb Infrared Radiation from the Sun and Remains Trapped in the Earth’s Atmosphere, Causing Earth’s Average Temperature to Rise as a Result
Kinds of ghg
WATER VAPOUR- Rivers, Lakes and oceans
CARBON DIOXIDE- Deforestation and Using Fuels
NITROUS OXIDE- Fertilisers and Vehicle Engines
METHANE- Rice Paddy Fields and Cattle
Man made sources of ghg
WATER VAPOUR
Naturally Exists in Rivers, Lakes and Oceans
CARBON DIOXIDE
Produced when Burning Fuels in Industrial processes
Produced in Car Exhausts
NITROUS OXIDE
Released from Fertilisers on Land in Farms
Released from Cattle Waste in Farms
Produced from High Temperatures in Vehicle Engines
METHANE
Released from Rice Paddy Fields
Released from Cattle
Enhance greenhouse effect definition
Caused by the Increased Concentration and Effect of Greenhouse Gases
Enhanced greenhouse effect explanation
-The Sun Emits Rays that Enters the Earth’s Atmosphere
-The Heat is Emitted Back from the Earth’s Surface
-Some Heat is Reflected Back Out into Space
-But Some Heat is Absorbed by Greenhouse Gasses and is Trapped
Within the Earth’s Atmosphere so Causes the Earth’s Average Temperature to Rise as a Result
Enhanced greenhouse effect consequences
-Climate Change due to Increase in Earth’s Temperature
-Water Levels will Rise as Glaciers will Melt because of High Temperatures
-Extinction of Species due to Inhabitable Environment
Migration of Species as they will Move to Areas that are More Habitable (No Droughts)
_Spread of Diseases caused by the Cold Climate
-Loss of Habitat due to Climate Change (Animals that Live on Glaciers)
Biological consequences of sewage in water consequences 1
REPRODUCTION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS
- Sewage is Rich in Minerals and Nutrients that Provides Large Amounts of Energy to Allow Organisms such as Decomposers to Reproduce, increasing their Population
- Sewage is Rich in Nutrients (Phosphates) that will Encourage the Growth of Algae, causing Algae Bloom to Form on the Surface
Biological consequences of sewage in water consequences 2
DEPLETION OF OXYGEN
-Decomposers will Respire Aerobically to Break Down Sewage and Dead Plants (From Lack of Sunlight Due to Algae Bloom) so will cause Depletion of Oxygen, causing Aquatic Organisms to Die
-Sewage May Contain Bacteria that will Respire Aerobically, Using Up Oxygen in the Water
Sewage will Increase Population of Organisms in the Water so will cause More Aerobic Respiration to take place, Further Increasing the Depletion of Oxygen
Eutrophication
When Fertilisers are Washed Off from Land into Rivers and Lakes by Rain
Eutrophication explication
1.Excessive Nutrients from Fertilisers on Land are Washed into Rivers and Lakes by Rain
2.Excessive Nutrients will Allow Rapid Plant Growth such as Algae, Duckweed and Other Plants
3.Rapid Algae Growth will cause Algae Bloom to Form on the Surface, Blocking Sunlight from Reaching Plants Underneath. Plants will Die as a Result, causing Less Photosynthesis to Take Place so will cause 4.Depletion of Oxygen levels
Decomposers (Bacteria) will Further Deplete Oxygen levels as they will Respire Aerobically to Break Down Dead Plants
5.Death of the Ecosystem will Occur as Oxygen Levels Reaches a Point where No Life is Possible, causing Aquatic Organisms to Die such as Fish
