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Biology > Year 11 > Flashcards

Year 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Drug

A

Any substance that when taken into the body modifies or effects chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

Effect on bacteria of antibiotics

A

Disrupt the production of the cell wall hence don’t effect humans as our cells don’t have a cell wall

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3
Q

Effect of antibiotics on Viruses

A

No effect as virus e have totally different characteristics and genetic material to bacteria and no cell walls

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4
Q

Effects of alcohol and abuse of heroine

A

Depression as they are powerful depressant drugs
Effect on reaction times and self control
Addiction and withdrawal symptoms
Negative social implications such as crime

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5
Q

Effect of alcohol abuse

A

Liver damage and cirossis

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6
Q

Effects of smoking

A

COPD
Lung cancer
Coronary heart disease

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7
Q

Site of breakdown of alcohol and other toxins

A

The liver

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8
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of aesexual reproduction in the wild

A

No need to find other organisms
Favourable genes passed on
All offspring find themselves in a favourable environment
However little variation minimising natural selection
Overcrowding same plant competing for the same resource
Lack of natural immunity to diseases

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9
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of aesexual reproduction in a crop

A

Able to grow a consistent crop

However this crop is more susceptible to disease

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10
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction in the wild

A 
Increased variation to form new traits
Resistance to disease
Seeds scattered over a wide distance
However seeds take longer to grown 
Many land in poor environments
Some variants will have a lower chance of survival
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11
Q

Fertilisation

A

Fertilisation is the fusion of gamete nuclei

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12
Q

Pollination

A

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

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13
Q

Advantages of self pollination

A

Less reliance on pollinators

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14
Q

Sequence of events from pollination to fertilisation

A

Pollen grain stimulated to grow a tube by chemicals on the stigma
Pollen tube grows down the style until it reaches the micropyle at the bottom of the ovary
There the two gamers fertilise and forms zygote

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15
Q

Adaptions of wind pollinated plants

A

Produce large quantities of light smooth pollen
Anthers and stigmas hang outside the flower
Stigmas are feathery to increase surface area

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16
Q

Adaptions of insect pollinated plants

A

Large petals
Nectaries
Dark lines on flower guide the answers to the nectar and pollen
Vivid colours

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17
Q

Adaptive Features of a sperm

A

Flagellum mitochondria and enzymes in the acrosome

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18
Q

Adaptive features of egg cells

A

Energy stores

Jelly coat that changes at fertilisation

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19
Q

Fertilisation to implantation

A

Zygote divides by mitosis to form an embryo which is a ball of cells
This ball of cells implants into the wall of the uterus

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20
Q

Function of the placenta

A

Responsible for maintenance and exchange during pregnancy

21
Q

Function of the umbilical chord

A

Link between the placenta and foetus, Carey’s nutrients and oxygen to the foetus and Carey’s bile urea and carbon dioxide away from the foetus

22
Q

Function of the amniotic sack

A

Contains the amniotic fluid and fully enclosed the foetus protecting it against pathogens

23
Q

Function of the amniotic fluid

A

Supports the baby and protects it from impacts

24
Q

Preparation for birth

A

Foetus moves into a head down position

Mucus plug of the cervix is released

25
Q

Processes involved in Labour and birth

A 
Breaking of the amniotic sack
Contractions of the muscles in the uterus wall
Dilation of the cervix
Passage through the vagina
Tying and cutting of the umbilical chord
Delivery of the afterbirth
26
Q

Hormones in contraception and fertility treatment

A

Contraception- progesterone and oestrogen

Fertility treatment FSH

27
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Sperm from a donor is injected at the top of the uterus

28
Q

IVF (In vitro fertilisation)

A

Ova are collected and mixed in semen multiplying zygotes are then introduced into the uterus and usually one or more of the zygotes develop

29
Q

Effect of HiV and AIDS

A

Decreased lymphocyte production and reduces ability to produce antibodies

30
Q

What is a gene

A

Length of DNA that codes for a protein

31
Q

How are proteins made

A

Gene coding for protein remains in the nucleus
mRNA carry a copy of the gene to the cyctoplasm
Mrna passes through ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes assemble amino acids into protein molecules
The order of amino acids is determined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA

32
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells that divide by mitosis to produce daughter cells which can become specialised for specific functions

33
Q

Allele

A

Version of a gene

34
Q

Continuous variation

A

Results in a range of phenotype a between two extremes

35
Q

Gene mutation

A

Change in the base sequence f DNA this is how new alleles are formed

36
Q

Cause of sickle cell aenemia

A

Change in the base sequence of the gene which code for haemoglobin this results in abnormal haemoglobin and red blood cells which become sickle shaped in environments with less oxygen

37
Q

Symptoms of sickle cell

A

Loss of breath

38
Q

Unusual effect of sickle cell

A

Those who are heterozygous with sickle cell have a resistance to malaria this means that in some countries being a carrier of sickle cell is naturally selected
Incidences of sickle cell are much higher in areas with malaria

39
Q

Process of natural selection

A

There is variation in populations
Many offspring are produced
There is competition for resources
There is a struggle for survival
Individuals who are better adapted are able to reproduce more than others
They pass on favourable alleles to the next generation

40
Q

Process of selective breeding

A

Selection by humans of individuals with desirable features
These individuals are crossed to produce the next generation
Offspring are then selected for desirable features

41
Q

Energy loss down the tropic levels

A

Inefficient as most of the energy does not go to producing edible material the vast majority is lost due to respiration and other processes

42
Q

Population

Community

A

Group of organisms of one species living in the same area at the same time
All of the populations of different species in an ecosystem

43
Q

Why are bacteria useful in biotechnology

A

Lack of ethical concerns
Genetic code shared with all other organisms
Fast growth rate
Presence of plasmids

44
Q

Steps of genetic engineering in bacteria

A

Isolation of dna making up a human gene using restriction enzymes forming sticky ends. Cutting of bacterial plasmid with the same restriction enzyme forming complementary stick ends. Insertion of Human DNA into plasmid using DNA ligament. Insertion of plasmid into bacteria,replication of bacteria in a fermenter which make the human gene

45
Q

Issues with monoculture a and intensive livestock production

A

Natural balance of plants and animals is destroyed, potential that the variety of wildlife ends in the area

46
Q

Eutrophication

A

Increased availability of nitrates from fertilisers
Increased growth of producers (algal bloom) Decomposition after death of producers which leads to high levels of aerobic respiration of producers
Reduction in dissolved oxygen
Death of organisms requiring oxygen

47
Q

Measures to reduce sulphur dioxide emissions

A

Desulphurisation plants
Use if different fuels in power plants
Filters on the top of plants

48
Q

Risk to a population if its size drops

A

Reduced variation due to size of gene pool

Biology (8 decks)

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