year 10 end of year exam rev Flashcards
what was the aim of the Gunderson et al study?
to see if children were affected with different parental praises
what was the procedure of the Gunderson et al study?
-53 children
-90 min video sessions of their interactions between caregiver and child
-were characterized into 3 different types of praises
-5 years later, the children’s behavior was measured and related to the type of praise they had from parents
-parents of the children answered a 8-item questionnaire on how malleable they considered cognitive ability to be
what was the result of the Gunderson et al study?
boys reported significantly more incremental motivational frame work for the intelligence domain. There was no significant differences in the sociomoral domain
what were the conclusions of the Gunderson et al study?
-boys received more process praise than girls
-parents with stronger incremental motivational framework were more likely to give person praise
-children whose parents used more process praise were more likely to have beliefs and behaviors associated with an incremental motivational framework
what was the evaluation of the Gunderson et al study?
that the more process praise received as a child, the more likely an incremental motivational framework will be developed
what does conservation mean?
know that length, quality or number are not related to how things look/appear
what does object permanence mean?
understanding an object still exists even if its hidden
at what stage does object permanence develop?
sensory motor stage
at what age does object permanence develop?
6 months
what is the function of the medulla in the brain?
sends signals from the brain to the rest of the body via spinal cord
what is the function of the cerebellum in the brain?
controls, motor, balance and movement
in Gunderson et all study of praise and mindset, what two types of praises did Gunderson look at?
-person
-process
what is an example of process praise?
'’you worked so hard and did a great job!’’
what is an example of person praise?
'’you have such a beautiful singing voice!’’
in Gunderson et all study of praise and mindset, at what ages were the children in the video recorded?
-14 months
-26 months
-38 months
what does morality mean?
knowing what right and wrong
what is an example of morality?
-speak the truth
-dont steal
-be kind
identify Piaget’s 4 stages of development in the correct order.
1)sensorimotor stage
2)pre-operational stage
3)concrete operational stage
4)formal operational stage
what are some behaviors at the sensorimotor stage?
-object permanence is acquired
-0-2 years old
-children focus on learning how to interact with physical objects
what are some behaviors at the pre-operational stage?
-symbolic play
-2-7 years old
-children’s thinking is highly egocentric
-they exhibit centration, leading to logical errors
-children dont understand reversibility or conservation (liquid test)
what are some behaviors at the concrete operational stage?
-children apply rules and strategies to help with their thinking
-they learn: seridation, classification, reversibility, conservation and decentration
-children have difficulties with understanding abstract ideas such as morality
-7-12 years old
-children decenter
what are some behaviors at the formal operational stage?
-they understand: sequences, consequences and abstract ideas
-think about how time can change things
-properties actions/events thoughts
-12+ years old
-about more than 2 things, such as thinking about height, weight, hair, color, age and gender when describing a person
in the concrete operation stage what do children learn?
-seridation
-classification
-reversibility
-conservation
-decentration
what stages occur within the pre-operational stage?
-symbolic function stage (2-4 years old)
-intuitive thoughts stage (4-7 years old)
in the formal operational stage what do children understand?
-sequences
-consequences
-abstract ideas
what are some strengths of Piaget’s theory of development?
-gives an understanding of a child’s intellectual growth
-encourages more research
what are some weaknesses of Piaget’s theory of development?
-task might of been too difficult for the children
-some studies show children can do things earlier than Piaget said
-lack validity
what are some strengths of Gunderson et al study?
-using a double-blind method meant that biases were avoided
-research was carried out in the home, meaning the findings were found in a natural environment
what are some weaknesses of Gunderson et al study?
-the participants were deceived and told the study was about child development. there was no debrief
-lack validity
-lacks generalisability
what was the evaluation of the Piaget’s theory of development?
-The tests that Piaget conducted were accused as lacking ‘human sense’
-Other studies show that even children as young as 3 months may have object permanence.
what does ego-centrism mean?
only having one perspective on a situation
what stage do children decentre?
Concrete operational stage
what age do children decentre?
7 years old
identify Dwecks 2 types of mindsets
-fixed
-growth
what does Willingham suggest?
factual knowledge precedes a skill
according to Willingham, he suggests that to learn a new skill, what 2 things are of most importance?
-practice
-effort
what was the aim of the Piaget and Inhelders Three mountains study?
-to investigate the age at which children begin to take the perspective of another person
-how ego-centrism affects children’s reasoning about the world
what was the procedure of the Piaget and Inhelders Three mountains study?
Piaget placed a small doll on one of the mountains. Piaget then showed a child several pictures of the three mountains. The child was then asked to choose the photo that would match what the doll could see.
what was the result of the Piaget and Inhelders Three mountains study?
-children towards 6 years old did show an attempt to represent the dolls perspective
-children selected the picture that are their own perspective
-children aged 7-9 years old attempted to reflect the perspective of the doll, but this is not consistent across the trials
-between 9-12 years old, the children demonstrate a mastery in the skill of viewing the model from the perspective of the doll in all trials
what were the conclusions of the Piaget and Inhelders Three mountains study?
-children who were in the pre-operation stage were egocentric
-towards the end of the pre-operational stage, children started ti realise that the doll has a different perspective
-they were able to look at mountains from multiple perspectives
-they were able to construct mental images of the dolls perspective
what was the evaluation of the Piaget and Inhelders Three mountains study?
children below the age of seven have difficulty in taking the perspective of another person suggest that children in the pre-operational stage are egocentric
what are some strengths of the ‘three mountain task’?
-qualitative data was rich and detailed
-experimental methods were used so the study could be repeated
-the study was repeated with many childern
what are some weaknesses of the ‘three mountain task’?
-other studies produced different findings where the task was more appropriate for younger children
-results may be due to children not being able to understand the task, rater than a reflection of the ‘stage’ they were in
what was the aim of the Peterson and Peterson study?
investigate the duration of short-term memory and also provide evidence for the multi-store model
what was the procedure of the Peterson and Peterson study?
sample pool of 24 psychology students and having them recall random trigrams out loud, yet making them count backwards from a random number to prevent the rehearsal of these trigrams
what were the results of the Peterson and Peterson study? (experiment 1)
-over 80% accurately recalled the trigram after a 3 second interval
-the longer the interval between reading and recalling the trigram the less accurate their recall
-but less than 10% accurately recalled the trigram after a 18 second interval
what was the result of the Peterson and Peterson study? (experiment 2)
-the extra time to rehearse increased the accuracy of recall
what was the conclusion of the Peterson and Peterson study?
Peterson & Peterson found that the longer the interval the less accurate the recall
what was the evaluation of the Peterson and Peterson study?
the longer that each student had to count backwards (the distraction task), the less accurate they could recall the trigrams
what were some strengths of the Peterson and Peterson study?
-high repeatability meaning high reliability and can be repeated again
-the study provides supports for the multi story model because it shows that STM has a limited capacity and that there are likely to be separate stores in the memory. Also that we need to rehears in the STM
what were some weaknesses of the Peterson and Peterson study?
-lacks mundane realism as its not a real life situation
-the setting has low ecological validity because it is not reflective of a normal day to day environment
-the sample lacks population validity and the results cant be generalized to the whole population
what was the aim of the Bartletts war of the ghosts study?
Bartlett wanted to see whether cultural background and unfamiliarity with a text would lead to distortion of memory when participants recalled a story
what was the procedure of the Bartletts war of the ghosts study?
Bartlett asked British participants to hear a story and reproduce it after a short time and then repeatedly over a period of months or years (serial reproduction)
what were the results of the Bartletts war of the ghosts study?
-7 out of the 20 participants omitted the title
-10 of the participants changed the title
-some changed ‘canoes’ to ‘boats’
-the participants preserved the order of events and main themes in the story
what was the conclusion of the Bartletts war of the ghosts study?
Bartlett concluded that the memory is reconstructive and that people will actively amend information in order to make it fit in with their own personal schemas and beliefs
what was the evaluation of the Bartletts war of the ghosts study?
that people are prone to make errors during reconstructive memory processes
what were some strengths of the Bartletts war of the ghosts study?
-remembering a story is similar to something we would have to do in everyday life so the study has high ecological validity
-the study has high reliability because the results were consistent
-the data gathered was qualitative, this can be considered a strength because lots of information an rich and detailed
what were some weaknesses of the Bartletts war of the ghosts study?
-the story contained strange words meaning lock of mundane realism
-the data gathered was qualitative, it could also be a weakness because it could be time consuming and difficult to analyse the data
-the time intervals weren’t the same for every participant meaning the study lacked standardization
what are the 5 processes of memory?
-encoding
-storage
-recall
-retrieval
-forgetting
what does storage mean?
creation of a permanent record of information
what does capacity of memory mean?
maximum an individual can retain or recieve
what does duration mean?
how long a memory can be held before forgetting
what are the features of the STM including coding, capacity and duration?
-18 seconds duration
-7-9 items capacity
-acoustic encoding
what are the features of the STM including coding, capacity and duration?
-unlimited capacity
-unlimited duration
-semantic encoding
what does reconstructive memory mean?
the process of piecing together information from stored knowledge when there is no clear memory of an event
what does schema mean?
mental framework that organises and stores information
what role does ‘rehearsal’ play in the multi-store model of memory?
helps to retain information in the STM, and consolidate it to LTM
what are the differences between reductionism and holism?
-Reductionism breaks down complex psychological processes into small parts and reduces them to simple explanations
-Holism argues that people should be viewed as a whole rather than as individual parts and focuses on the interaction of all parts.
what is retrograde amnesia?
when you can’t recall memories from your past
what is anterograde amnesia?
when you can’t form new memories but can still remember things from before the injury
what is the difference between qualitative data and quantitative data?
-Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or measurable
-Qualitative data is interpretation-based, descriptive, and relating to language
what is meant by ecological validity?
a measure of how test performance predicts behaviours in real-world settings
what is meant by independent variable?
the characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment
what is meant by dependent variable?
the variable that changes as a result of the independent variable manipulation
what is meant by the control variable?
anything that is held constant or limited in a research study
In Peterson and Peterson study of memory, what were the recall intervals?
3,9,6,12,15,18 seconds
In Peterson and Peterson study of memory, participants were asked to count back before recalling the letters, what were the participants asked to count backwards in?
in 3s or 4s
what is pro-social behaviour?
behaviour seen as helpful, kind, co-operative and peaceful
give 3 examples of pro-social behaviour
-charity work
-donating money
-voluntary work
what is anti-social behaviour?
behaviour that is unhelpful, destructive and aggressive
give 3 examples of anti-social behaviour
-shouting, swearing and fighting
-harassment
-verbal abuse
what situational factors affect conformity?
-group size
-anonymity
-task difficulty
what personal factors affect conformity?
-locus of control
-expertise
what is visual agnosia?
when people can recognize common objects
what are the symptoms of visual agnosia?
-unable to recognise colour of objects
-unable to recognise and name things
-unable to recognise places they are familiar with
what is prosopagnosia?
when you dont develop the ability to recognise faces
what are the symptoms of prosopagnosia?
-unable to recognise familiar faces
-all faces might seem as the same
-unable to identify age/gender
what are the functions of the right hemisphere?
-musical ability
-face recognition
-left hand control
–left vertex control
what are the functions of the left hemisphere?
-brocus area
-controls speech
-understanding written words
-right hand control
-right vertex function
what is meant by brain lateralisation?
the tendency for some neural functions of cognitive process to be specialized to one side of the brain or the other
what affect can damaging the left hemisphere and broca’s area have on a person?
significantly affect the use of spontaneous speech and motor speech control
3 bits of research to evaluate sex differences in brain lateralisation
-females have a larger brocas area than males
-males did not always do better than females in spatial tasks
-males were better at some spatial tasks than females
-theres no evidence that females use both hemispheres for language tasks
what was the aim of the Piliavins Bystander study?
investigated whether subway passengers would be more likely to help someone drunk or ill and white or black
what was the procedure of the Piliavins Bystander study?
Using teams of 4 university students (male victim, male model, 2 female observers), a situation was created on the train to see how passengers would react. A ‘victim’ staged an ‘emergency’ by collapsing (in the designated ‘critical area’). After collapsing, the victim lay on his back on the floor
what was the result of the Piliavins Bystander study?
more help was given and more quickly than ‘the bystander effect’ and ‘diffusion of responsibility’ would have suggested.
what was the conclusion of the Piliavins Bystander study?
more help was given and more quickly than ‘the bystander effect’ and ‘diffusion of responsibility’ would have suggested
what was the evaluation of the Piliavins Bystander study?
The procedure is likely to have been affected by a range of extraneous variables that were impossible to control: Individual differences such as personality and mood
what was the aim of the Damsio-Phineas Gage study?
Damsio aimed to create a 3D computerised model of Phineas Gage’s skull (based on his actual skull) including the holes made by the iron rod
what was the procedure of the Damsio-Phineas Gage study?
The researchers took photographs and measurements of Gage’s skull, and from this, they created a 3D computerised model of his skull. They also took measurements of the iron rod, which was 3cm in diameter and 109cm in length
what was the result of the Damsio-Phineas Gage study?
his ventromedial prefrontal cortex must have been destroyed bilaterally
what was the conclusion of the Damsio-Phineas Gage study?
the ventromedial area of the frontal lobe seems to control our impulses around people and control of emotions
what was the evaluation of the Damsio-Phineas Gage study?
It was likely that the damage was only in Gage’s frontal lobe, and no other areas of his brain
what are some strengths of the Piliavins Bystander study?
-As this was a field experiment, the participants did not know they were part of a study, so they had no demand characteristics
-There was a large sample size of 4550 participants, so the study results are generalisable.
what are some weaknesses of the Piliavins Bystander study?
-The study has some ethical issues; as this was a field experiment, the participants could not consent before being in the study
- Also, it was not possible to withdraw from the study.
-It may have been stressful for the participants to see someone collapse
what are some strengths of the Damsio-Phineas Gage study?
-we can used this for treatment for similar damage
-it has high validity as it uses scientific techniques
what are some weaknesses of the Damsio-Phineas Gage study?
-it is low validity, reliability and constant because they were guessing
-lacks generalisability and reliability due to the specific and rare nature of the injury meaning its difficult to generalise
what was the aim of the Haney, Banks and Zimbardo’s prison study?
They wanted to investigate prisoner-guard conflict in a simulated prison environment
what was the procedure of the Haney, Banks and Zimbardo’s prison study?
The 24 volunteers were randomly assigned to either the prisoner or guard group. Prisoners were to remain in the mock prison 24 hours a day during the study. Guards were assigned to work in three-man teams for eight-hour shifts
what were the guards allowed to do after they finished their shift?
go home like normal
what were the results of the Haney, Banks and Zimbardo’s prison study?
-guards ignored the rules
-some guards wanted to stay at the end of the shift
-some prisoners were released early because of physical and psychological trauma
-guards aggression increased despite the emotion break down of the prisoners
-prisoners rarely spoke about ‘real life’
what were the conclusions of the Haney, Banks and Zimbardo’s prison study?
-guards miss-used their power by miss treating the prisoners
-prisoners rebelled at first but then turned depressed anxious and nervous
-guards were deindividuated
-prisoners were deindividuated
what are some weaknesses of the Haney, Banks and Zimbardo’s prison study?
-there was limited generalisability because of difficult finding application and because the study only lasted 6 days
what are some strengths of the Haney, Banks and Zimbardo’s prison study?
-the prisoners were becoming emersed in the situation, meaning the results were valid
