social influence Flashcards
what are the situational factors (bystander)?
-diffusion of responsibility
-noticing the event
-pluralistic ignorance
-cost of helping
what is the definition of bystander effect?
when we fail to help someone in need because we believe someone else will help instead
what is the definition of situational factors (bystander)?
features of a situation that influence whether r not we intervene in an emergency
what is diffusion of responsibility?
when we believe others will help so we dont have to feel less responsible
what is noticing the event?
when we are in a group or a crowded place, we take less of our surroundings so we are slower to react to emergencies
what is pluralistic ignorance?
when we interpret the situation according to others reaction
what is cost of helping?
-we are less likely to help of the cost of intervening is too high
-we may only help to avoid the cost of feeling guilty if we dont intervene
what is the definition of personality factors (bystander)?
features of an individual (traits) that influence how likely they are to intervene in an emergency
what are the personality factors (bystander)?
-competence
-mood
-similarity
what is competence?
feeling like you have the ability, knowledge, or skill to do something successfully
what is mood?
:) -> we are more likely to help
:( -> we are less likely to help
what is similarity?
if we perceive our self as similar to a person in need we are more likely to help them
what is comformity?
its a form of social influence. It occurs when a persons behavior or thinking changes due to peer pressure
what % of the participants conformed at least once? (Asch’s line study)
75%
what % of the participants never gave a wrong answer? (Asch’s line study)
25%
what is the definition of situation factors (conformity)?
feature from your surroundings (other people)
what are the situational factors (conformity)
-group size
-task difficulty
-anonymity
what is group size?
as group size increases to 7%, conformity increases but as group size continues to increase, conformity decreases
what is anonymity?
by giving an answer that is not announce to the crowed, less likely to conform
what is task difficulty?
if the task is harder you feel less confident in your own answer and more likely to conform
what is the definition of personality factors (conformity)?
Features within your self (personality)
what are the personality factors (conformity)
-locus of control
-expertise
What is locus of control?
Where your control or your choice’s lie. More likely to confirm
What is expertise?
-If your are an expert at a given task, less likely to conform
-If u lack expertise, more likely to confirm
What is obedience?
When we comply with orders given from a legitimate authority figure
What is blind obedience?
When we comply with orders given by authority figure
What was the aim of the Stanford prison experiment?
-Haney, banks and Zimbardo wanted to Create a simulated prison to see what behaviour resulted when “normal” people were assigned the roles of “guards” and “prisoners”
-they wanted to look at any changes in emotions, mood, interactions, coping skills and attitude towards oneself and others
What was the procedure of the Stanford prison experiment? (Sample)
Sample:
-75 people responded to an advert in a newspaper
-24 “normal healthy males” were selected following interviews and assessments
-they were paid $15 a day
What was the procedure of the Stanford prison experiment? (To begin)
Beginning:
-22 took part, 2 were kept on standby in case a participant dropped out before the study began
-participants were randomly assigned roles of guards and prisoners
How much were the participants paid in the Stanford prison experiment?
$15 a day
What were the guards allowed to do in the Stanford prison experiment?
Go home in between shifts and live a normal life
What uniforms were the guards given in the Stanford prison experiment?
-military style clothing
-sunglasses
-batons
What were the guards told they need to do in the Stanford prison experiment?
-“maintain the functioning” of the prison but this was not elaborated upon
-they believed the purpose of the study was to observe the prisoner behaviour
What uniforms were the prisoners given in the Stanford prison experiment?
-plain smock
-ID number
-chain in one ankle
-no underwear
Why were the prisoners given that uniform in the Stanford prison experiment?
To deindividuate and humiliate them
What is deindividuation?
A loss of personal identity and self awareness
What were the rules in the Stanford prison experiment?
-3 supervised toilet breaks
-2 visits per weak
-3 meals per day
-scheduled exercise and movie times
-lining up to be counted 3 times a day
-testing on their knowledge of the rules and their ID number
How many days did the Stanford prison experiment last before terminated?
6 days- 8 days earlier than scheduled
Where were the prisoners arrested?
Place of residence
How were the prisoners arrested?
Charged, searched, handcuffed and taken away in a police car
What did the prisoners do at the police station?
Blindfolded and taken to the simulated prison
What happened to the prisoners at the prison?
They were strip searched, sprayed with a deli using spray and made to stand alone and naked before being given their uniform to wear
What is deception?
Misleading or lying to participants
What is right to withdraw?
Allowing the participants to leave whenever they like
What is protection of participants?
Safe guarding participants agains physical and psychological harm
What are some strengths of the Stanford prison experiment
-realism, the set up was highly realistic
-insights into human behaviour
-ethical reforms
-educational impact
What are some weaknesses of the Stanford prison experiment
-ethical issues
-researcher bias
-lack of scientific rigor
-lacks generalisability
-demand characteristics
what is conformity?
Changing our thoughts/behavior to fit into our social group
what are 2 personality factors that affect conformity?
Locus of control and expertise
what did Milgram find regarding F-scores and obedience?
20/40 participants who obeyed had higher F-Scale scores showing an Authoritarian personality.
two features of authoritarian personality
-Respects authority figures
-right-wing politics
-aggressive to those inferior
Give an example of how legitimacy of the context can have an effect on obedience.
When Milgram repeated the study in a rundown building, obedience dropped to 47.5%
Which situational factor is this: When the experimenter gave verbal prods over the telephone, obedience dropped to 20.5%.
Proximity to the authority figure.
If you have an external locus of control, are you more or less likely to obey?
More likely to obey
