Year 1 Organic

Question 1

Isomerism:

Answer 1

Same molecular formula

Question 2

Position isomerism:

Answer 2

Different position of functional group with same Molecular Formula

Question 3

Structural isomerism:

Answer 3

Different structural arrangement with same Molecular Formula

Question 3

Chain isomerism:

Answer 3

Different branched chains with Molecular Formula

Question 4

Functional group isomerism:

Answer 4

Different functional group with Molecular Formula

Question 5

stereoisomerism:

Answer 5

Different spatial arrangement of atoms with same Molecular Formula

Question 6

in E add of alkenes, what major product is formed?

Answer 6

tertiary carbocations formed in intermediate are most stable due to positive inductive effect.

Question 6

Why does Stereoisomerism occur, types, rules?

Answer 6

Due to limited rotation of CC double bond.

E-Z (Cis-trans) isomerism
E opposite
Z together

Follows CIP rules (Atomic mass based)

Question 7

Polymers: What is PVC, properties, what do plasticisers do?

Answer 7

PVC is polyvinyl chloride or polychloro methane
Waterproof due to plasticisers.

Plasticisers increase the distance between chains, decreasing van der waals, more flexible, less E required.

Question 8

What is crude oil? How can it be separated?

Answer 8

Mixture of hydrocarbons with a range of boiling points that can be separated by fractional distillation.

Question 9

How do different Hydrocarbon chains travel through a fractionating column?

Answer 9

Fractional distillation: vaporised, rise, cool, condense, siphoned off at different levels of tower.

Shorter chain= lower BP = Rise higher= Cool to BP Higher up = collected closer to top.

Question 10

Properties of Hydrocarbon chains as chain length increases:

Answer 10

BP increases
Darkness Increases
Viscosity Increases
Volatility Decreases

Question 11

What is cracking? Types of Cracking?

Answer 11

breaking C–C bonds in alkanes to produce shorter chain products.

Thermal: for alkanes + alkenes
High temp
High pressure
High yield of alkenes

Catalytic: for motor fuels and aromatic chains.
High temp
Slight pressure
Zeolite Catalyst.

Question 12

C neutral:

Answer 12

No net increase in CO2 in atmosphere.

Question 13

Biofuel: definition, types.

Answer 13

Biofuel: organic matter burned for energy.

Biodiesel: from oils/fats from plants/fauna.

Ethanol from fermentation of glucose. (‘biopetrol’)

Question 14

Reaction conditions for industrial hydration of alkenes, fermentation:

Answer 14

Industrial hydration: 300 degrees, 60 atm.

Fermentation: anaerobic, yeast, 37 degrees.

Question 15

C neutral argument for fermentation, why its invalid.

Answer 15

Photosynthesis abosrbs 6co2
Fermentation produces 2co2
Combustion of ethanol produced 4co2

However Co2 expenditure for transport of products/reactants makes this invalid.

Question 15

pros/cons of industrial hydration (opposite for fermentation)

Answer 15

Higher yield
Higher speed
Higher continuity (as opposed to batch process)
Higher purity
Higher price
Higher quality
Less sustainable

Question 16

IR: how it works, unique segments, broad absorption regions, small absoprtion regions.

Answer 16

Identifies functional groups.
Covalent bonds absorb E in IR region, vibrate and stretch bonds, absorbs differing frequencies.

Unique fingerprint region from 500-1000cm-1 for each compound stored in online database.

OH in alcohols has broad absorption
NH CCdouble and OH in C acids have small thin absorptions.