Yaj - Post ICA Flashcards
What is a functional group?
Connected atoms that contribute to physiochemical properties and intrinsic activity of a parent molecule.
What are functional groups categorized into?
Carbohydrates.
Proteins.
Lipids.
What are the functional groups in glucose?
Carbonyl.
Hydroxyl.
What is the carbonyl functional group?
Composed of a carbon atom that is double bonded to an oxygen atom.
What are the two types of cabonyl?
Aldehyde - Glucose.
Ketone - Fructose.
What is a hydroxyl functional group?
Contains an oxygen and hydrogen atom that are bonded together.
What are amino acids?
Monomeric units of protein. All of them have a carboxyl group and an amino group that are bonded to the same carbon atom.
The carboxyl group and amino groups participate in formation of what?
Peptide bonds.
What are fatty acids?
Carboxylic acids that are attached to alkyl chains.
Is the carbonyl group polar or non-polar, and is it hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
It is polar, and hydrophilic.
What is central dogma?
When information in genes is used to produce proteins.
What is replication?
Duplication of a DNA strand.
Where does replication happen?
Nucleus - could also be in mitochondria.
What enzyme separates/unwinds the DNA strands during replication?
Helicases.
What protein keeps the DNA strands unwounded/separated?
SSB - Single Strand Binding protein.
What enzyme regulates the replication process?
DNA polymerase.
What is a leading strand in replication?
Synthesized in the 5’ - 3’ direction by DNA polymerase.
What is the lagging strand?
Synthesized in the 3’ - 5’ direction - discontinuously.
How is the lagging strand initiated?
By RNA primase.
How is the primer of the lagging strand synthesized?
By enzyme primase.
What is used as the start site for the DNA polymerase in lagging strand synthesis?
The primer of lagging strand.
What are the short fragments in the lagging strand called?
Okazaki fragments.
Which enzyme joins the short fragments together?
Enzyme ligase.
What is a gene?
Sequence of nucleotides in DNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product - either RNA or protein.
What is a genome?
Complete set of genetic material including all sets of genes.
What is the mitochondrial genome?
Less complex, circular, lacks histones, maternal inheritance.
What is transcription?
The process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence. mRNA.
What happens during initiation in transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to a region in the gene called a promoter.
What is the process of initiation regulated by?
Proteins called transcription factors. Also by enhancer.
What is elongation in transcription?
Addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strands.
What is 5’ capping?
7-methylguanosine cap is added to 5’. By phosphate linkage.
What is poly-A tail at 3’ end?
An enzyme called poly-A polymerase adds 200 A residues.
What is splicing?
Introns are removed.
Exons are joined together.
What is the mRNA?
Copy of a gene. Carries information stored in DNA from nucleus to cytoplasm.
What is tRNA?
Transfer RNA. Carries amino acid elements of a protein to the appropriate place.
What is rRNA?
Ribosomal RNA - sequences in mRNA so that ribosome can match with and bind to mRNA.
What is degeneracy in terms of codons?
When one amino acid is encoded for by more than one codon.
What is translation?
Decoding of mRNA message into a polypeptide product.
What is reverse transcription?
From RNA to DNA by reverse transcriptase.
What does adenine form bonds with?
Forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine and uracil.
What does guanine form bonds with?
Forms three hydrogen bonds with cysteine.
What is a transcriptome?
Full range of messenger RNA, or mRNA, molecules expressed by an organism.
What is a proteome?
Complete set of proteins expressed by an organism.
What are transposons?
Known as ‘jumping genes’ - Transposable elements.
What are the two kinds of transposons?
TEs that require reverse transcription.
TEs that do not require reverse transcription.
What are the transposons that do require reverse transposons called?
Retrotransposons or class 1 TEs.
What are the transposons that do not require reverse transposons called?
DNA transposons or class 2 TEs.
