Nandu Flashcards
What is the importance of membrane potential?
Maintain a potential difference.
Difference in voltage between the inside of the cell and outside.
Which electrolytes have high concentrations in the extracellular region?
Sodium and chloride.
Which electrolytes have high concentrations in the intracellular regions?
Potassium and protein anions.
Which electrolyte is very impermeable to cell membrane?
Na.
Which electrolyte is very permeable to cell membrane?
K.
What are two types of ion channels?
Ligand gated.
Mechanically gated.
What are voltage gated channels for?
Give membrane ability to undergo AP.
What are the local anaesthetics that prevent the generation of AP?
Procaine, lidocaine, xylocaine, and novocaine.
What is tetrodotoxin?
Binds to VG channels and prevents Na component of AP.
Which electrolyte makes the membrane potential negative on the inside?
K and proteins.
What is the refractory period?
Period at which AP cannot be elicited.
What is inside the extracellular fluid?
Interstitial fluid
Blood plasma.
What do the kidneys regulate?
Blood cell synthesis.
BP regulation.
Blood volume.
Calcium metabolism.
What do the kidneys synthesize?
Vitamin D.
What is the formula for filtration pressure?
GCP-CP-COP.
What is the normal GFR?
120ml/min.
What does the GFR depend on?
Permeability of capillary walls.
Vascular pressure.
Filtration pressure.
What is Acidosis?
pH of blood below 7.35.
What is Alkalosis?
pH of blood above 7.45.
How do the kidneys regulate acid-base balance?
Secrete hydrogen ions.
Acidify phosphate salts.
Produce ammonia.
What is erythropoitin?
Promotes production of RBC.
What happens when a kidney disease occurs?
Problems which calcium and phosphate. No vitamin D synthesis, and anemia.
Which arteries are more elastic?
The arteries that are closer to the heart, where BP is higher.
What is a continuous capillary?
Do not have fenestrae.
What is a fenestrated capillary?
Have pores.
What is a sinusoidal capillary?
Large diameter with large fenestrae.
What is the movement of fluid influenced by?
Blood pressure.
Capillary permeability.
Colloid pressure.
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Pushes things out.
What is colloidal pressure?
Pushes things in.
What causes an increase in hydrostatic pressure?
Cardiac Failure.
Fluid overload.
What causes a decrease in the colloidal oncotic pressure?
Nephrotic syndrome.
Liver failure.
What is edema?
Fluid trapped in the body’s tissues.
What is pitting edema?
Fluid moves away when compressed by fingers.
What is non-pitting edema?
Lymphedema. Lymph is rich in protein, fluid does not move away when skin is compressed.
Where would we find most of the blood?
Veins.
Two ways to bring blood back to the heart?
Muscular pump.
Respiratory pump.
The atria and ventricles are seperated by what?
Fibrous tissue.
What causes rapid depolarisation?
Na entry.
What causes the plateau?
Ca entry.
What causes repolarisation?
K loss.
Where is the sinus node located?
Posterolateral wall of right atrium.
What causes depolarisation and repolarisation in ECG?
Depolarisation = Contraction.
Repolarisation = Relaxation.
Where would we find the blood pressure?
Arch of aorta.
What are baroreceptors?
Receptors that detect change in pressure.
Where would we find baroreceptors?
Arch of aorta.
Carotid artery.
Organs of autoregulation?
Brain, liver, and kidney.
What is the function of red blood cells?
Transport hemoglobin.
Acid-base buffering of blood.
Which enzyme do RBC’s contain?
Carbonic anhydrase.
After the age of 20, where would RBC’s be produced?
Vertebra, sternum, ilia, and ribs.
What substances are important for maturation of RBC’s
Vitamin B12.
Folic acid.
Absence of vit B12 and folic acid causes what?
Macrocytes.
What happens during pernicious anemia?
failure to absorb vitamin B12.
What happens to RBC’s in the spleen?
They self-destruct.
What is polycythemia?
large quantities of RBC’s in the blood.
Which leucocyte is most?
Neutrophils.
Which leucocytes are granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and basophils.
How do neutrophils function?
They move by diapedesis. WBCs are attracted to inflamed tissue areas by chemotaxis.
How do eosinophils function?
Migrate into tissues diseased by parasites. Produced in large number in people with parasitic infections. Allergic reactions.
How do basophils work?
Release histamine.
What is hemostasis?
Prevention of blood loss. Blood clotting.
What is inside the buffy coat?
Leucocytes and platelets.
