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FCMS > Nandu > Flashcards

Nandu Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of membrane potential?

A

Maintain a potential difference.
Difference in voltage between the inside of the cell and outside.

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2
Q

Which electrolytes have high concentrations in the extracellular region?

A

Sodium and chloride.

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3
Q

Which electrolytes have high concentrations in the intracellular regions?

A

Potassium and protein anions.

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4
Q

Which electrolyte is very impermeable to cell membrane?

A

Na.

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5
Q

Which electrolyte is very permeable to cell membrane?

A

K.

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6
Q

What are two types of ion channels?

A

Ligand gated.
Mechanically gated.

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7
Q

What are voltage gated channels for?

A

Give membrane ability to undergo AP.

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8
Q

What are the local anaesthetics that prevent the generation of AP?

A

Procaine, lidocaine, xylocaine, and novocaine.

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9
Q

What is tetrodotoxin?

A

Binds to VG channels and prevents Na component of AP.

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10
Q

Which electrolyte makes the membrane potential negative on the inside?

A

K and proteins.

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11
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Period at which AP cannot be elicited.

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12
Q

What is inside the extracellular fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid
Blood plasma.

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13
Q

What do the kidneys regulate?

A

Blood cell synthesis.
BP regulation.
Blood volume.
Calcium metabolism.

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14
Q

What do the kidneys synthesize?

A

Vitamin D.

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15
Q

What is the formula for filtration pressure?

A

GCP-CP-COP.

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16
Q

What is the normal GFR?

A

120ml/min.

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17
Q

What does the GFR depend on?

A

Permeability of capillary walls.
Vascular pressure.
Filtration pressure.

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18
Q

What is Acidosis?

A

pH of blood below 7.35.

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19
Q

What is Alkalosis?

A

pH of blood above 7.45.

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20
Q

How do the kidneys regulate acid-base balance?

A

Secrete hydrogen ions.
Acidify phosphate salts.
Produce ammonia.

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21
Q

What is erythropoitin?

A

Promotes production of RBC.

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22
Q

What happens when a kidney disease occurs?

A

Problems which calcium and phosphate. No vitamin D synthesis, and anemia.

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23
Q

Which arteries are more elastic?

A

The arteries that are closer to the heart, where BP is higher.

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24
Q

What is a continuous capillary?

A

Do not have fenestrae.

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25
Q

What is a fenestrated capillary?

A

Have pores.

26
Q

What is a sinusoidal capillary?

A

Large diameter with large fenestrae.

27
Q

What is the movement of fluid influenced by?

A

Blood pressure.
Capillary permeability.
Colloid pressure.

28
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pushes things out.

29
Q

What is colloidal pressure?

A

Pushes things in.

30
Q

What causes an increase in hydrostatic pressure?

A

Cardiac Failure.
Fluid overload.

31
Q

What causes a decrease in the colloidal oncotic pressure?

A

Nephrotic syndrome.
Liver failure.

32
Q

What is edema?

A

Fluid trapped in the body’s tissues.

33
Q

What is pitting edema?

A

Fluid moves away when compressed by fingers.

34
Q

What is non-pitting edema?

A

Lymphedema. Lymph is rich in protein, fluid does not move away when skin is compressed.

35
Q

Where would we find most of the blood?

A

Veins.

36
Q

Two ways to bring blood back to the heart?

A

Muscular pump.
Respiratory pump.

37
Q

The atria and ventricles are seperated by what?

A

Fibrous tissue.

38
Q

What causes rapid depolarisation?

A

Na entry.

39
Q

What causes the plateau?

A

Ca entry.

40
Q

What causes repolarisation?

A

K loss.

41
Q

Where is the sinus node located?

A

Posterolateral wall of right atrium.

42
Q

What causes depolarisation and repolarisation in ECG?

A

Depolarisation = Contraction.
Repolarisation = Relaxation.

43
Q

Where would we find the blood pressure?

A

Arch of aorta.

44
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Receptors that detect change in pressure.

45
Q

Where would we find baroreceptors?

A

Arch of aorta.
Carotid artery.

46
Q

Organs of autoregulation?

A

Brain, liver, and kidney.

47
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transport hemoglobin.
Acid-base buffering of blood.

48
Q

Which enzyme do RBC’s contain?

A

Carbonic anhydrase.

49
Q

After the age of 20, where would RBC’s be produced?

A

Vertebra, sternum, ilia, and ribs.

50
Q

What substances are important for maturation of RBC’s

A

Vitamin B12.
Folic acid.

51
Q

Absence of vit B12 and folic acid causes what?

A

Macrocytes.

52
Q

What happens during pernicious anemia?

A

failure to absorb vitamin B12.

53
Q

What happens to RBC’s in the spleen?

A

They self-destruct.

54
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

large quantities of RBC’s in the blood.

55
Q

Which leucocyte is most?

A

Neutrophils.

56
Q

Which leucocytes are granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and basophils.

57
Q

How do neutrophils function?

A

They move by diapedesis. WBCs are attracted to inflamed tissue areas by chemotaxis.

58
Q

How do eosinophils function?

A

Migrate into tissues diseased by parasites. Produced in large number in people with parasitic infections. Allergic reactions.

59
Q

How do basophils work?

A

Release histamine.

60
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Prevention of blood loss. Blood clotting.

61
Q

What is inside the buffy coat?

A

Leucocytes and platelets.

FCMS (5 decks)

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