y9 term 1 science test Flashcards
what are the building blocks that all living things are made up of
cells
what is the name of the organelle that controls the centre of the cell
nucleus
what is the name of the organelle where respiration takes place
mitochondria
what is the name of the organelle where proteins are made
ribosomes
what is found outside of an animal cell that controls the movement of substances in to and out of the cell
cell membrane
what is the name of the jelly like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen in a cell
chloroplast
where is the genetic material found in an animal cell
nucleus
what process happens inside of mitochnodria
respiration
what process happens inside ribosomes
protein synthesis
what is found around the outside of plant cells, that keeps the shape of the cell
cell wall
which type of cell is smaller
prokaryotic
which type of cell has a nucleus
eukaryotic
which type of cell has plasmids
prokaryotic
which type of cell has mitochondria
eukaryotic
which type of cell are bacterial cells
prokaryotic
where is the genetic material found in a bacterial cell
dna loop
where is the gentic material found in an animal cell
nucleus
what is the scientific name for a loop of dna
displacement loop
what process happens in the mitochondria
respiration
what type of cell are animal and plant cells
eukaryotic
what type of cell are animal and plant cells
eukaryotic
which specialised cell can contract and relax to enable movement
muscle
which specialised animal cell has a tail so that it can swim to an egg cell
sperm
which specialised animal cell is long to carry messages as electrical impulses around the body
nerve
which specialised plant cell takes water and minerals from the soil
root hair
which specialised plant cell transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant
xylem cells
which specialised plant cell transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant
phloem
which specialised plant cell is dead and hollow to give more space for water to flow
xylem
which material strengthens the wall of xylem cells
lignin
what process can cells with a lot of mitochondria do more of
respiration
what is the name of the lens you look down on a light microscope
eyepiece
what is the name of the lens that you can change on a light microscope
objective
what is the name of the wheel on the light microscope that is used to bring the image into focus
focus(coarse)
what piece of equipment should be used to draw images viewed down a microscope
condenser
why is iodine solution added to the tissue sample on the slide when using a light microscope
to make internal structures more visible
why is iodine solution added to the tissue sample on the slide when using a light microscope
prevents slide from drying out
what is placed on top of the microscope slide at an angle, to reduce the chance of air bubbles
cover slip
how do you convert cm to mm
times by 10
how do you convert mm to micrometres
times by 1000
why do you always begin with the lowest power objective lens when using a light microscope
more specimen is seen
what is the name of the organelle that is the control centre of the cell
nucleus
what is the name of the organelle where respiration takes place
mitochondria
what is the name of the orgnelle where proteins are made
ribosomes
where is the genetic material found in an animal cell
nucleus
which type of cell is smaller
prokaryotic
which type of cell has a nucleus
eukaryotic
which type of cell has plasmids
prokaryotic
which type of cell is bigger
eukaryotic
which type of cell are animal and plant cells
eukaryotic
which specialised plant cell takes water and minerals from the soil
root hair
how do you calculate the actual size of an object
actual size = image size divided by magnification
how do you calculate the magnification of a microscope
magnification = image size divided by actual size
how do you calculate the image size of an object
image size = actual size x magnification
do light microscopes have a high or low magnification and resolution
low
do electron microscopes have a high or low magnification and resolution
high
what is the name given to an unspecialised cell
stem cells
what is the name for the developing baby during the fist 8 weeks of pregnancy
fetus
what is the name of the process when a stem cell becomes specialised
differentiation
what is the name of the part of the plant where stem cells are found
meristems
which specilaised plant cell transports dissloved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant
phloem
what happens in stage 1 of the cell cycle
cell increases in size
dna is copied ( form 2 copies of each chromosome)
more mitochondria and ribosmoes are mad
what happens in stage 2 of the cell cycle
one set of chromomes is pulled to each end of the cell
nucleus divides
what is stage two of the cell cycle called
mitosis
what happens in stage 3 of the cell cycle
cytoplasm and cell membrane divides
2 geneticall identical cells are formed
how many chromosomes have each human body cell have
46
how long do white blood cells live for
about 13 days
how long do red blood cells live
about 120 days
what is the cell cycle used to produce
new cells
what are the new cells produced in the cell cycle used for
growth and repair old and damaged cells
give 2 advantages of using embryonic stem cells produced by theraputic cloning
stem cells can be used to treat or cure diseases, such as paralysis or diabetes
the stem cells can be grown into human organs which can be used for organ transplants
give 2 disadvantages of using embryonic stem cells produced by therapeutic cloning
the embryo cannot give consent or permission for the process
it may transfer viral infections to the patient when the stem cells are transferred
what is the name of the process when a stem cell becomes specialised
differentiation
are embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells more useful for medical treatment
embryonic
what is the name of the material in the centre of bones where adult stem cells can be found
bone marrow
what is the name of the process when an embryo is produced with the same genetic material as a patient
therapeutic cloning
what is diffusion the process of
the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
which organelle do particles move across in diffusion
cell membrane
how does increasing the temperature affect how much energy particles have
particles have more energy
how does increasing the temperature affect how quickly particles move
move faster
how does increasing the temperature increase the rate of diffusion
diffusion increases
will increasing the surface area of a cell speed up or slow down diffusion
speed up
does diffusion require energy
no
what is the scientific name for the difference in concentration between 2 areas
concentration gradient
if there is a bigger difference in concentration will it speed up or slow down diffusion
speed up
do large organisms have a small surface area to volume ratio
yes
does bacteria have a small surface area to volume ratio
no
why does having a good blood supply increase the rate of diffusion
maintains a steep concentration gradient
why does having a thin surface increase the rate of diffusion
to make distance as short as possible
what is the scientific name for the air sacs in our lungs
alveoli
do the air sacs in the lungs have a large surface area or small surface area
large
what is osmosis the movement of
water across a semi permeable membrane
does a dilute solution have a high or low water concentration
high
does a concentrated solution have a high or low water concnetration
low
does osmosis require energy
no
what would you expect to happen to an animal cell if it was placed in water
fill with water and burst
what moves in and out of cells in the process of osmosis
water
why doesnt a plant cell burst when it is placed in water
cell wall is fully permeable
if water moves out of a cell would the cell decrease or increase in mass
decrease
what is a cell
basic building block of living organisms
what is a eukaryotic cell
a cell with a nucleus
what is a prokayotic cell
a cell with no nucleus
what is the function of a cell wall in a plant
strenghthens cell and provides suppport
what is the function of chloroplats in plant
contains chlorophyll to absorb light for photosythesis
what is the function of the vacuole in a plant
contains cell sap to keep cells rigid/ support the plant
what process happens in chloroplast
photosythesis
what is the cell wall in a plant made of
cellulose
what is differentiation
the process by which a stem cell becomes specialised
what do sperm cells have on the surface of their head so they can penetrate the egg cell
digestive enzymes
what does root hair coming out of the side of a root hair cell increase for a plant
increase surface area
what 2 susbtances move in to a plant from the soil into the root hair cell
water and mineral ions
how do mineral ions move in to the root hair cell from the soil
active transport
what do root hair cells need to carry out active transport, which is why they have a lot of mitochondria
energy
what 2 susbtances do xylem cells transport around the plant
water and minerals
which focusing wheel is sused once the image is in focus to make the image clearer
fine focusing wheel
if the image viewed down a microscope is blurry what would you do to see a clearer image
turn the focusing wheel until cells are in focus
if the image viewed down a microscope is very small what would you do to see a clearer, larger ima
chang objective lense to a higher power lense
how do you calculate the total magnificationof light microscope
magnification of eyepiece lense x magnification of objective lense
what is the part of the microscope where the slide is placed
stage
why do you look from the side when the lens is moved until it almost touches the slide
so objective lense doesnt hit and break / damage slide
why is an electron microscope more useful to a cell bioligist
higher magnification / higher resolution / see cellls in more detail
what is a small section of a chromosome
gene
which organelles increases in number inside cytoplasm during stage 1 of cell cycle
ribosomes and mitochondria
how many chromosomes would there be in a human body cell during stage 1 of cell cycle
92
how do cells form by mitosis in cell cycle compared to one another
genetically identical
why are there less ethical issues if stem cells are taken to umbilical cord instead of embryo
doesnt result in destruction of embryo / embryo has a right to life
what is an embryo
ball of stem cells / devloping baby
what happens when a stem cell becomes specialised that enables it to do its job
gains sub - cellular structures / organelles
how is differentiation in plant cells different to animal cells
animal cells differentiate once at an early stage before birth
plant cells can differentaiate throughout life
why can stem cells be useful to treat conditions such as diabetes or paralysis
stem cells can become any type of cell so can replace damaged cells
why are embryo stem cells more useful to treat diseases compared to adult stem cells
embryo stem cells can become any type of cell needed
adult stem cells can only differentiate in to a small range of cells
why are stem cells from an embryo produced by therapeutic cloning less likely to be rejected by a patient
may have same dna/ genes as patient
why would it be useful if stem cells produced by therapeutic cloning could be grown in to tissues and organs
reduce waiting times for transplant organs / organs wont be rejected
which tissue in a plant contains stem cells
meristem
using stem cells from a plant what can you produce quickly and cheaply
clones of the plant
give 1 way stem cells can be useful
rare plants can be saved from extinction
if particles need to move in to a cell and there is a lower concentration inside the cell how will this happen
by diffusion
where does water move from and to in osmosis
from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution
what substance moves in to root hair cells from a low concentration in the soil to a high conc in the root
minerals
what type of movement is required for minerals to move from the soil into plant roots
active transport
what substance moves for a low conc in the small intestine to a high conc in the blood
glucose
what can happen to animal cells if they are placed in a very concentrated solution and why
water moves out of them by osmosis so they shrink / shrivel
hwo does it affect the way a cell works if too much water moves into or out of them
cells cant work efficiently
what can move by diffusion
gas or solute particles
what can you do to make particles move more quickly and speed up diffusion
increase temperature
what can you do to the surface of the cell to speed rate of diffusion
increase conc gradient
why do large multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces e.g lungs, to get enough oxygen into their bodies
have a small surface area to volume ratio and diffusion distance is too far for diffusion alone to meet their needs
why can small, single celled organisms rely on diffusion to move enough of the substances they need into their cells
have a large surface area to volume ratio, and diffusion distances involved are very short
which gas diffuses into plant cells to be used for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide
what diffuses from the small intestine to the blood stream
digested food
what can the surface of a cell be to help substances move easily across cell membrane
thin / one cell thick
how does a thin surface help diffusion
creates short diffusion pathway
how does the many villi in the small intestine help to speed up diffusion of digested food into blood
increase surface area
how does many root hairs on the root of a plant help to speed up osmosis of water into the root
increase surface area
how do the lungs and small intestine maintain a conc gradient for efficient diffusion of substances
having good blood supply
why does having a good blood supplyhelp to speed up diffusion
manitains steep conc gradient
other than having a thin surface, good blood supply and large surface area how else are the lungs adapted to efficient gas exchange
are ventilated
what are holes on surface of leaf
stomata
why do leaves normally have wide , broad shape
increase surface area
why are leaves thin
creates a short diffusion pathway
what are there between the mesophyll cells in the leaf that allows oxygen to reach the palisade cells at the top of the leaf
air spaces / gaps
what is an indpependent variable
what you change
what is a dependent varibale
what you measure
what is a control variable
what you keep the same
what was the independent variable in the osmosis practical
concentratation of solution
what was the dependent variable in the osmosis practical
change in mass of potato chips
name a control variable in practical
temp of solution
starting size of potato chips
what do you do to potato chips to dry them when they are removed from solution
blot them using a dry paper towel
what equipment should be used to measure mass of potato chip
balance
how do you calculate percentage change in mass of potato chips in osmosis practical
(change in mass / starting mass) x100
would the change in mass go on x - axis or y - axis if you were drawing a graph of your results in the osmosis required practical
y - axis
what might cause there to be errors in data in the osmosis practical
faulty balance
over or under drying potato
what is muscle tissue made up of
muscle cells
which animal tissue provides a covering for organs
epithelial tissue
what is the job of the muscle tissue
contract to produce movement
which animal tissue releases substances such as hormones and digestive juices
glandular tissue
which plant tissue provides a covering
epidermal tissue
what is the general function of the xylem and phloem tissue in plant
transport substances around plant
which tissue is where photosynthesis takes place
mesophyll tissue
which tissue is found at the tips of roots and shoots of plants, which is made up of stem cells that can change in to any cells the plant needs
meristem tissue
in animal or plants what is made up of different tissues working together
organs
what is the job of the muscle tissue in the stomach
contracts to churn food
name an enzyme or digestive juice released into the stomach
hydrochloric acid/ protease
which organ system is made up of the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine
digestive system
