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English Vocab > y9 term 1 science test > Flashcards

y9 term 1 science test Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the building blocks that all living things are made up of

A

cells

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2
Q

what is the name of the organelle that controls the centre of the cell

A

nucleus

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3
Q

what is the name of the organelle where respiration takes place

A

mitochondria

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4
Q

what is the name of the organelle where proteins are made

A

ribosomes

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5
Q

what is found outside of an animal cell that controls the movement of substances in to and out of the cell

A

cell membrane

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6
Q

what is the name of the jelly like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen in a cell

A

chloroplast

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7
Q

where is the genetic material found in an animal cell

A

nucleus

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8
Q

what process happens inside of mitochnodria

A

respiration

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9
Q

what process happens inside ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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10
Q

what is found around the outside of plant cells, that keeps the shape of the cell

A

cell wall

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11
Q

which type of cell is smaller

A

prokaryotic

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12
Q

which type of cell has a nucleus

A

eukaryotic

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13
Q

which type of cell has plasmids

A

prokaryotic

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14
Q

which type of cell has mitochondria

A

eukaryotic

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15
Q

which type of cell are bacterial cells

A

prokaryotic

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16
Q

where is the genetic material found in a bacterial cell

A

dna loop

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17
Q

where is the gentic material found in an animal cell

A

nucleus

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18
Q

what is the scientific name for a loop of dna

A

displacement loop

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19
Q

what process happens in the mitochondria

A

respiration

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20
Q

what type of cell are animal and plant cells

A

eukaryotic

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21
Q

what type of cell are animal and plant cells

A

eukaryotic

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22
Q

which specialised cell can contract and relax to enable movement

A

muscle

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23
Q

which specialised animal cell has a tail so that it can swim to an egg cell

A

sperm

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24
Q

which specialised animal cell is long to carry messages as electrical impulses around the body

A

nerve

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25
Q

which specialised plant cell takes water and minerals from the soil

A

root hair

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26
Q

which specialised plant cell transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant

A

xylem cells

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27
Q

which specialised plant cell transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

A

phloem

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28
Q

which specialised plant cell is dead and hollow to give more space for water to flow

A

xylem

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29
Q

which material strengthens the wall of xylem cells

A

lignin

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30
Q

what process can cells with a lot of mitochondria do more of

A

respiration

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31
Q

what is the name of the lens you look down on a light microscope

A

eyepiece

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32
Q

what is the name of the lens that you can change on a light microscope

A

objective

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33
Q

what is the name of the wheel on the light microscope that is used to bring the image into focus

A

focus(coarse)

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34
Q

what piece of equipment should be used to draw images viewed down a microscope

A

condenser

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35
Q

why is iodine solution added to the tissue sample on the slide when using a light microscope

A

to make internal structures more visible

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36
Q

why is iodine solution added to the tissue sample on the slide when using a light microscope

A

prevents slide from drying out

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37
Q

what is placed on top of the microscope slide at an angle, to reduce the chance of air bubbles

A

cover slip

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38
Q

how do you convert cm to mm

A

times by 10

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39
Q

how do you convert mm to micrometres

A

times by 1000

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40
Q

why do you always begin with the lowest power objective lens when using a light microscope

A

more specimen is seen

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41
Q

what is the name of the organelle that is the control centre of the cell

A

nucleus

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42
Q

what is the name of the organelle where respiration takes place

A

mitochondria

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43
Q

what is the name of the orgnelle where proteins are made

A

ribosomes

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44
Q

where is the genetic material found in an animal cell

A

nucleus

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45
Q

which type of cell is smaller

A

prokaryotic

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46
Q

which type of cell has a nucleus

A

eukaryotic

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47
Q

which type of cell has plasmids

A

prokaryotic

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48
Q

which type of cell is bigger

A

eukaryotic

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49
Q

which type of cell are animal and plant cells

A

eukaryotic

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50
Q

which specialised plant cell takes water and minerals from the soil

A

root hair

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51
Q

how do you calculate the actual size of an object

A

actual size = image size divided by magnification

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52
Q

how do you calculate the magnification of a microscope

A

magnification = image size divided by actual size

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53
Q

how do you calculate the image size of an object

A

image size = actual size x magnification

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54
Q

do light microscopes have a high or low magnification and resolution

A

low

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55
Q

do electron microscopes have a high or low magnification and resolution

A

high

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56
Q

what is the name given to an unspecialised cell

A

stem cells

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57
Q

what is the name for the developing baby during the fist 8 weeks of pregnancy

A

fetus

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58
Q

what is the name of the process when a stem cell becomes specialised

A

differentiation

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59
Q

what is the name of the part of the plant where stem cells are found

A

meristems

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60
Q

which specilaised plant cell transports dissloved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

A

phloem

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61
Q

what happens in stage 1 of the cell cycle

A

cell increases in size
dna is copied ( form 2 copies of each chromosome)
more mitochondria and ribosmoes are mad

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62
Q

what happens in stage 2 of the cell cycle

A

one set of chromomes is pulled to each end of the cell
nucleus divides

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63
Q

what is stage two of the cell cycle called

A

mitosis

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64
Q

what happens in stage 3 of the cell cycle

A

cytoplasm and cell membrane divides
2 geneticall identical cells are formed

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65
Q

how many chromosomes have each human body cell have

A

46

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66
Q

how long do white blood cells live for

A

about 13 days

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67
Q

how long do red blood cells live

A

about 120 days

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68
Q

what is the cell cycle used to produce

A

new cells

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69
Q

what are the new cells produced in the cell cycle used for

A

growth and repair old and damaged cells

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70
Q

give 2 advantages of using embryonic stem cells produced by theraputic cloning

A

stem cells can be used to treat or cure diseases, such as paralysis or diabetes
the stem cells can be grown into human organs which can be used for organ transplants

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71
Q

give 2 disadvantages of using embryonic stem cells produced by therapeutic cloning

A

the embryo cannot give consent or permission for the process
it may transfer viral infections to the patient when the stem cells are transferred

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72
Q

what is the name of the process when a stem cell becomes specialised

A

differentiation

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73
Q

are embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells more useful for medical treatment

A

embryonic

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74
Q

what is the name of the material in the centre of bones where adult stem cells can be found

A

bone marrow

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75
Q

what is the name of the process when an embryo is produced with the same genetic material as a patient

A

therapeutic cloning

76
Q

what is diffusion the process of

A

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

77
Q

which organelle do particles move across in diffusion

A

cell membrane

78
Q

how does increasing the temperature affect how much energy particles have

A

particles have more energy

79
Q

how does increasing the temperature affect how quickly particles move

A

move faster

80
Q

how does increasing the temperature increase the rate of diffusion

A

diffusion increases

81
Q

will increasing the surface area of a cell speed up or slow down diffusion

A

speed up

82
Q

does diffusion require energy

A

no

83
Q

what is the scientific name for the difference in concentration between 2 areas

A

concentration gradient

84
Q

if there is a bigger difference in concentration will it speed up or slow down diffusion

A

speed up

85
Q

do large organisms have a small surface area to volume ratio

A

yes

86
Q

does bacteria have a small surface area to volume ratio

A

no

87
Q

why does having a good blood supply increase the rate of diffusion

A

maintains a steep concentration gradient

88
Q

why does having a thin surface increase the rate of diffusion

A

to make distance as short as possible

89
Q

what is the scientific name for the air sacs in our lungs

A

alveoli

90
Q

do the air sacs in the lungs have a large surface area or small surface area

A

large

91
Q

what is osmosis the movement of

A

water across a semi permeable membrane

92
Q

does a dilute solution have a high or low water concentration

A

high

93
Q

does a concentrated solution have a high or low water concnetration

A

low

94
Q

does osmosis require energy

A

no

95
Q

what would you expect to happen to an animal cell if it was placed in water

A

fill with water and burst

96
Q

what moves in and out of cells in the process of osmosis

A

water

97
Q

why doesnt a plant cell burst when it is placed in water

A

cell wall is fully permeable

98
Q

if water moves out of a cell would the cell decrease or increase in mass

A

decrease

99
Q

what is a cell

A

basic building block of living organisms

100
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell

A

a cell with a nucleus

101
Q

what is a prokayotic cell

A

a cell with no nucleus

102
Q

what is the function of a cell wall in a plant

A

strenghthens cell and provides suppport

103
Q

what is the function of chloroplats in plant

A

contains chlorophyll to absorb light for photosythesis

104
Q

what is the function of the vacuole in a plant

A

contains cell sap to keep cells rigid/ support the plant

105
Q

what process happens in chloroplast

A

photosythesis

106
Q

what is the cell wall in a plant made of

A

cellulose

107
Q

what is differentiation

A

the process by which a stem cell becomes specialised

108
Q

what do sperm cells have on the surface of their head so they can penetrate the egg cell

A

digestive enzymes

109
Q

what does root hair coming out of the side of a root hair cell increase for a plant

A

increase surface area

110
Q

what 2 susbtances move in to a plant from the soil into the root hair cell

A

water and mineral ions

111
Q

how do mineral ions move in to the root hair cell from the soil

A

active transport

112
Q

what do root hair cells need to carry out active transport, which is why they have a lot of mitochondria

A

energy

113
Q

what 2 susbtances do xylem cells transport around the plant

A

water and minerals

114
Q

which focusing wheel is sused once the image is in focus to make the image clearer

A

fine focusing wheel

115
Q

if the image viewed down a microscope is blurry what would you do to see a clearer image

A

turn the focusing wheel until cells are in focus

116
Q

if the image viewed down a microscope is very small what would you do to see a clearer, larger ima

A

chang objective lense to a higher power lense

117
Q

how do you calculate the total magnificationof light microscope

A

magnification of eyepiece lense x magnification of objective lense

118
Q

what is the part of the microscope where the slide is placed

A

stage

119
Q

why do you look from the side when the lens is moved until it almost touches the slide

A

so objective lense doesnt hit and break / damage slide

120
Q

why is an electron microscope more useful to a cell bioligist

A

higher magnification / higher resolution / see cellls in more detail

121
Q

what is a small section of a chromosome

A

gene

122
Q

which organelles increases in number inside cytoplasm during stage 1 of cell cycle

A

ribosomes and mitochondria

123
Q

how many chromosomes would there be in a human body cell during stage 1 of cell cycle

A

92

124
Q

how do cells form by mitosis in cell cycle compared to one another

A

genetically identical

125
Q

why are there less ethical issues if stem cells are taken to umbilical cord instead of embryo

A

doesnt result in destruction of embryo / embryo has a right to life

126
Q

what is an embryo

A

ball of stem cells / devloping baby

127
Q

what happens when a stem cell becomes specialised that enables it to do its job

A

gains sub - cellular structures / organelles

128
Q

how is differentiation in plant cells different to animal cells

A

animal cells differentiate once at an early stage before birth
plant cells can differentaiate throughout life

129
Q

why can stem cells be useful to treat conditions such as diabetes or paralysis

A

stem cells can become any type of cell so can replace damaged cells

130
Q

why are embryo stem cells more useful to treat diseases compared to adult stem cells

A

embryo stem cells can become any type of cell needed
adult stem cells can only differentiate in to a small range of cells

131
Q

why are stem cells from an embryo produced by therapeutic cloning less likely to be rejected by a patient

A

may have same dna/ genes as patient

132
Q

why would it be useful if stem cells produced by therapeutic cloning could be grown in to tissues and organs

A

reduce waiting times for transplant organs / organs wont be rejected

133
Q

which tissue in a plant contains stem cells

A

meristem

134
Q

using stem cells from a plant what can you produce quickly and cheaply

A

clones of the plant

135
Q

give 1 way stem cells can be useful

A

rare plants can be saved from extinction

136
Q

if particles need to move in to a cell and there is a lower concentration inside the cell how will this happen

A

by diffusion

137
Q

where does water move from and to in osmosis

A

from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution

138
Q

what substance moves in to root hair cells from a low concentration in the soil to a high conc in the root

A

minerals

139
Q

what type of movement is required for minerals to move from the soil into plant roots

A

active transport

140
Q

what substance moves for a low conc in the small intestine to a high conc in the blood

A

glucose

141
Q

what can happen to animal cells if they are placed in a very concentrated solution and why

A

water moves out of them by osmosis so they shrink / shrivel

142
Q

hwo does it affect the way a cell works if too much water moves into or out of them

A

cells cant work efficiently

143
Q

what can move by diffusion

A

gas or solute particles

144
Q

what can you do to make particles move more quickly and speed up diffusion

A

increase temperature

145
Q

what can you do to the surface of the cell to speed rate of diffusion

A

increase conc gradient

146
Q

why do large multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces e.g lungs, to get enough oxygen into their bodies

A

have a small surface area to volume ratio and diffusion distance is too far for diffusion alone to meet their needs

147
Q

why can small, single celled organisms rely on diffusion to move enough of the substances they need into their cells

A

have a large surface area to volume ratio, and diffusion distances involved are very short

148
Q

which gas diffuses into plant cells to be used for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide

149
Q

what diffuses from the small intestine to the blood stream

A

digested food

150
Q

what can the surface of a cell be to help substances move easily across cell membrane

A

thin / one cell thick

151
Q

how does a thin surface help diffusion

A

creates short diffusion pathway

152
Q

how does the many villi in the small intestine help to speed up diffusion of digested food into blood

A

increase surface area

153
Q

how does many root hairs on the root of a plant help to speed up osmosis of water into the root

A

increase surface area

154
Q

how do the lungs and small intestine maintain a conc gradient for efficient diffusion of substances

A

having good blood supply

155
Q
A
156
Q

why does having a good blood supplyhelp to speed up diffusion

A

manitains steep conc gradient

157
Q

other than having a thin surface, good blood supply and large surface area how else are the lungs adapted to efficient gas exchange

A

are ventilated

157
Q

what are holes on surface of leaf

A

stomata

158
Q

why do leaves normally have wide , broad shape

A

increase surface area

159
Q

why are leaves thin

A

creates a short diffusion pathway

160
Q

what are there between the mesophyll cells in the leaf that allows oxygen to reach the palisade cells at the top of the leaf

A

air spaces / gaps

161
Q

what is an indpependent variable

A

what you change

161
Q

what is a dependent varibale

A

what you measure

161
Q

what is a control variable

A

what you keep the same

161
Q

what was the independent variable in the osmosis practical

A

concentratation of solution

161
Q

what was the dependent variable in the osmosis practical

A

change in mass of potato chips

161
Q

name a control variable in practical

A

temp of solution
starting size of potato chips

161
Q

what do you do to potato chips to dry them when they are removed from solution

A

blot them using a dry paper towel

161
Q

what equipment should be used to measure mass of potato chip

A

balance

162
Q

how do you calculate percentage change in mass of potato chips in osmosis practical

A

(change in mass / starting mass) x100

162
Q

would the change in mass go on x - axis or y - axis if you were drawing a graph of your results in the osmosis required practical

A

y - axis

163
Q

what might cause there to be errors in data in the osmosis practical

A

faulty balance
over or under drying potato

164
Q

what is muscle tissue made up of

A

muscle cells

165
Q

which animal tissue provides a covering for organs

A

epithelial tissue

166
Q

what is the job of the muscle tissue

A

contract to produce movement

167
Q

which animal tissue releases substances such as hormones and digestive juices

A

glandular tissue

168
Q

which plant tissue provides a covering

A

epidermal tissue

169
Q

what is the general function of the xylem and phloem tissue in plant

A

transport substances around plant

170
Q
A
171
Q

which tissue is where photosynthesis takes place

A

mesophyll tissue

172
Q

which tissue is found at the tips of roots and shoots of plants, which is made up of stem cells that can change in to any cells the plant needs

A

meristem tissue

173
Q

in animal or plants what is made up of different tissues working together

A

organs

174
Q

what is the job of the muscle tissue in the stomach

A

contracts to churn food

175
Q

name an enzyme or digestive juice released into the stomach

A

hydrochloric acid/ protease

176
Q

which organ system is made up of the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

A

digestive system

English Vocab (25 decks)

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