y9 term 1 science test Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
what are the building blocks that all living things are made up of
A
cells
2
Q
what is the name of the organelle that controls the centre of the cell
A
nucleus
3
Q
what is the name of the organelle where respiration takes place
A
mitochondria
4
Q
what is the name of the organelle where proteins are made
A
ribosomes
5
Q
what is found outside of an animal cell that controls the movement of substances in to and out of the cell
A
cell membrane
6
Q
what is the name of the jelly like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen in a cell
A
chloroplast
7
Q
where is the genetic material found in an animal cell
A
nucleus
8
Q
what process happens inside of mitochnodria
A
respiration
9
Q
what process happens inside ribosomes
A
protein synthesis
10
Q
what is found around the outside of plant cells, that keeps the shape of the cell
A
cell wall
11
Q
which type of cell is smaller
A
prokaryotic
12
Q
which type of cell has a nucleus
A
eukaryotic
13
Q
which type of cell has plasmids
A
prokaryotic
14
Q
which type of cell has mitochondria
A
eukaryotic
15
Q
which type of cell are bacterial cells
A
prokaryotic
16
Q
where is the genetic material found in a bacterial cell
A
dna loop
17
Q
where is the gentic material found in an animal cell
A
nucleus
18
Q
what is the scientific name for a loop of dna
A
displacement loop
19
Q
what process happens in the mitochondria
A
respiration
20
Q
what type of cell are animal and plant cells
A
eukaryotic
21
Q
what type of cell are animal and plant cells
A
eukaryotic
22
Q
which specialised cell can contract and relax to enable movement
A
muscle
23
Q
which specialised animal cell has a tail so that it can swim to an egg cell
A
sperm
24
Q
which specialised animal cell is long to carry messages as electrical impulses around the body
A
nerve
25
which specialised plant cell takes water and minerals from the soil
root hair
26
which specialised plant cell transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant
xylem cells
27
which specialised plant cell transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant
phloem
28
which specialised plant cell is dead and hollow to give more space for water to flow
xylem
29
which material strengthens the wall of xylem cells
lignin
30
what process can cells with a lot of mitochondria do more of
respiration
31
what is the name of the lens you look down on a light microscope
eyepiece
32
what is the name of the lens that you can change on a light microscope
objective
33
what is the name of the wheel on the light microscope that is used to bring the image into focus
focus(coarse)
34
what piece of equipment should be used to draw images viewed down a microscope
condenser
35
why is iodine solution added to the tissue sample on the slide when using a light microscope
to make internal structures more visible
36
why is iodine solution added to the tissue sample on the slide when using a light microscope
prevents slide from drying out
37
what is placed on top of the microscope slide at an angle, to reduce the chance of air bubbles
cover slip
38
how do you convert cm to mm
times by 10
39
how do you convert mm to micrometres
times by 1000
40
why do you always begin with the lowest power objective lens when using a light microscope
more specimen is seen
41
what is the name of the organelle that is the control centre of the cell
nucleus
42
what is the name of the organelle where respiration takes place
mitochondria
43
what is the name of the orgnelle where proteins are made
ribosomes
44
where is the genetic material found in an animal cell
nucleus
45
which type of cell is smaller
prokaryotic
46
which type of cell has a nucleus
eukaryotic
47
which type of cell has plasmids
prokaryotic
48
which type of cell is bigger
eukaryotic
49
which type of cell are animal and plant cells
eukaryotic
50
which specialised plant cell takes water and minerals from the soil
root hair
51
how do you calculate the actual size of an object
actual size = image size divided by magnification
52
how do you calculate the magnification of a microscope
magnification = image size divided by actual size
53
how do you calculate the image size of an object
image size = actual size x magnification
54
do light microscopes have a high or low magnification and resolution
low
55
do electron microscopes have a high or low magnification and resolution
high
56
what is the name given to an unspecialised cell
stem cells
57
what is the name for the developing baby during the fist 8 weeks of pregnancy
fetus
58
what is the name of the process when a stem cell becomes specialised
differentiation
59
what is the name of the part of the plant where stem cells are found
meristems
60
which specilaised plant cell transports dissloved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant
phloem
61
what happens in stage 1 of the cell cycle
cell increases in size
dna is copied ( form 2 copies of each chromosome)
more mitochondria and ribosmoes are mad
62
what happens in stage 2 of the cell cycle
one set of chromomes is pulled to each end of the cell
nucleus divides
63
what is stage two of the cell cycle called
mitosis
64
what happens in stage 3 of the cell cycle
cytoplasm and cell membrane divides
2 geneticall identical cells are formed
65
how many chromosomes have each human body cell have
46
66
how long do white blood cells live for
about 13 days
67
how long do red blood cells live
about 120 days
68
what is the cell cycle used to produce
new cells
69
what are the new cells produced in the cell cycle used for
growth and repair old and damaged cells
70
give 2 advantages of using embryonic stem cells produced by theraputic cloning
stem cells can be used to treat or cure diseases, such as paralysis or diabetes
the stem cells can be grown into human organs which can be used for organ transplants
71
give 2 disadvantages of using embryonic stem cells produced by therapeutic cloning
the embryo cannot give consent or permission for the process
it may transfer viral infections to the patient when the stem cells are transferred
72
what is the name of the process when a stem cell becomes specialised
differentiation
73
are embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells more useful for medical treatment
embryonic
74
what is the name of the material in the centre of bones where adult stem cells can be found
bone marrow
75
what is the name of the process when an embryo is produced with the same genetic material as a patient
therapeutic cloning
76
what is diffusion the process of
the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
77
which organelle do particles move across in diffusion
cell membrane
78
how does increasing the temperature affect how much energy particles have
particles have more energy
79
how does increasing the temperature affect how quickly particles move
move faster
80
how does increasing the temperature increase the rate of diffusion
diffusion increases
81
will increasing the surface area of a cell speed up or slow down diffusion
speed up
82
does diffusion require energy
no
83
what is the scientific name for the difference in concentration between 2 areas
concentration gradient
84
if there is a bigger difference in concentration will it speed up or slow down diffusion
speed up
85
do large organisms have a small surface area to volume ratio
yes
86
does bacteria have a small surface area to volume ratio
no
87
why does having a good blood supply increase the rate of diffusion
maintains a steep concentration gradient
88
why does having a thin surface increase the rate of diffusion
to make distance as short as possible
89
what is the scientific name for the air sacs in our lungs
alveoli
90
do the air sacs in the lungs have a large surface area or small surface area
large
91
what is osmosis the movement of
water across a semi permeable membrane
92
does a dilute solution have a high or low water concentration
high
93
does a concentrated solution have a high or low water concnetration
low
94
does osmosis require energy
no
95
what would you expect to happen to an animal cell if it was placed in water
fill with water and burst
96
what moves in and out of cells in the process of osmosis
water
97
why doesnt a plant cell burst when it is placed in water
cell wall is fully permeable
98
if water moves out of a cell would the cell decrease or increase in mass
decrease
99
what is a cell
basic building block of living organisms
100
what is a eukaryotic cell
a cell with a nucleus
101
what is a prokayotic cell
a cell with no nucleus
102
what is the function of a cell wall in a plant
strenghthens cell and provides suppport
103
what is the function of chloroplats in plant
contains chlorophyll to absorb light for photosythesis
104
what is the function of the vacuole in a plant
contains cell sap to keep cells rigid/ support the plant
105
what process happens in chloroplast
photosythesis
106
what is the cell wall in a plant made of
cellulose
107
what is differentiation
the process by which a stem cell becomes specialised
108
what do sperm cells have on the surface of their head so they can penetrate the egg cell
digestive enzymes
109
what does root hair coming out of the side of a root hair cell increase for a plant
increase surface area
110
what 2 susbtances move in to a plant from the soil into the root hair cell
water and mineral ions
111
how do mineral ions move in to the root hair cell from the soil
active transport
112
what do root hair cells need to carry out active transport, which is why they have a lot of mitochondria
energy
113
what 2 susbtances do xylem cells transport around the plant
water and minerals
114
which focusing wheel is sused once the image is in focus to make the image clearer
fine focusing wheel
115
if the image viewed down a microscope is blurry what would you do to see a clearer image
turn the focusing wheel until cells are in focus
116
if the image viewed down a microscope is very small what would you do to see a clearer, larger ima
chang objective lense to a higher power lense
117
how do you calculate the total magnificationof light microscope
magnification of eyepiece lense x magnification of objective lense
118
what is the part of the microscope where the slide is placed
stage
119
why do you look from the side when the lens is moved until it almost touches the slide
so objective lense doesnt hit and break / damage slide
120
why is an electron microscope more useful to a cell bioligist
higher magnification / higher resolution / see cellls in more detail
121
what is a small section of a chromosome
gene
122
which organelles increases in number inside cytoplasm during stage 1 of cell cycle
ribosomes and mitochondria
123
how many chromosomes would there be in a human body cell during stage 1 of cell cycle
92
124
how do cells form by mitosis in cell cycle compared to one another
genetically identical
125
why are there less ethical issues if stem cells are taken to umbilical cord instead of embryo
doesnt result in destruction of embryo / embryo has a right to life
126
what is an embryo
ball of stem cells / devloping baby
127
what happens when a stem cell becomes specialised that enables it to do its job
gains sub - cellular structures / organelles
128
how is differentiation in plant cells different to animal cells
animal cells differentiate once at an early stage before birth
plant cells can differentaiate throughout life
129
why can stem cells be useful to treat conditions such as diabetes or paralysis
stem cells can become any type of cell so can replace damaged cells
130
why are embryo stem cells more useful to treat diseases compared to adult stem cells
embryo stem cells can become any type of cell needed
adult stem cells can only differentiate in to a small range of cells
131
why are stem cells from an embryo produced by therapeutic cloning less likely to be rejected by a patient
may have same dna/ genes as patient
132
why would it be useful if stem cells produced by therapeutic cloning could be grown in to tissues and organs
reduce waiting times for transplant organs / organs wont be rejected
133
which tissue in a plant contains stem cells
meristem
134
using stem cells from a plant what can you produce quickly and cheaply
clones of the plant
135
give 1 way stem cells can be useful
rare plants can be saved from extinction
136
if particles need to move in to a cell and there is a lower concentration inside the cell how will this happen
by diffusion
137
where does water move from and to in osmosis
from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution
138
what substance moves in to root hair cells from a low concentration in the soil to a high conc in the root
minerals
139
what type of movement is required for minerals to move from the soil into plant roots
active transport
140
what substance moves for a low conc in the small intestine to a high conc in the blood
glucose
141
what can happen to animal cells if they are placed in a very concentrated solution and why
water moves out of them by osmosis so they shrink / shrivel
142
hwo does it affect the way a cell works if too much water moves into or out of them
cells cant work efficiently
143
what can move by diffusion
gas or solute particles
144
what can you do to make particles move more quickly and speed up diffusion
increase temperature
145
what can you do to the surface of the cell to speed rate of diffusion
increase conc gradient
146
why do large multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces e.g lungs, to get enough oxygen into their bodies
have a small surface area to volume ratio and diffusion distance is too far for diffusion alone to meet their needs
147
why can small, single celled organisms rely on diffusion to move enough of the substances they need into their cells
have a large surface area to volume ratio, and diffusion distances involved are very short
148
which gas diffuses into plant cells to be used for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide
149
what diffuses from the small intestine to the blood stream
digested food
150
what can the surface of a cell be to help substances move easily across cell membrane
thin / one cell thick
151
how does a thin surface help diffusion
creates short diffusion pathway
152
how does the many villi in the small intestine help to speed up diffusion of digested food into blood
increase surface area
153
how does many root hairs on the root of a plant help to speed up osmosis of water into the root
increase surface area
154
how do the lungs and small intestine maintain a conc gradient for efficient diffusion of substances
having good blood supply
155
156
why does having a good blood supplyhelp to speed up diffusion
manitains steep conc gradient
157
other than having a thin surface, good blood supply and large surface area how else are the lungs adapted to efficient gas exchange
are ventilated
157
what are holes on surface of leaf
stomata
158
why do leaves normally have wide , broad shape
increase surface area
159
why are leaves thin
creates a short diffusion pathway
160
what are there between the mesophyll cells in the leaf that allows oxygen to reach the palisade cells at the top of the leaf
air spaces / gaps
161
what is an indpependent variable
what you change
161
what is a dependent varibale
what you measure
161
what is a control variable
what you keep the same
161
what was the independent variable in the osmosis practical
concentratation of solution
161
what was the dependent variable in the osmosis practical
change in mass of potato chips
161
name a control variable in practical
temp of solution
starting size of potato chips
161
what do you do to potato chips to dry them when they are removed from solution
blot them using a dry paper towel
161
what equipment should be used to measure mass of potato chip
balance
162
how do you calculate percentage change in mass of potato chips in osmosis practical
(change in mass / starting mass) x100
162
would the change in mass go on x - axis or y - axis if you were drawing a graph of your results in the osmosis required practical
y - axis
163
what might cause there to be errors in data in the osmosis practical
faulty balance
over or under drying potato
164
what is muscle tissue made up of
muscle cells
165
which animal tissue provides a covering for organs
epithelial tissue
166
what is the job of the muscle tissue
contract to produce movement
167
which animal tissue releases substances such as hormones and digestive juices
glandular tissue
168
which plant tissue provides a covering
epidermal tissue
169
what is the general function of the xylem and phloem tissue in plant
transport substances around plant
170
171
which tissue is where photosynthesis takes place
mesophyll tissue
172
which tissue is found at the tips of roots and shoots of plants, which is made up of stem cells that can change in to any cells the plant needs
meristem tissue
173
in animal or plants what is made up of different tissues working together
organs
174
what is the job of the muscle tissue in the stomach
contracts to churn food
175
name an enzyme or digestive juice released into the stomach
hydrochloric acid/ protease
176
which organ system is made up of the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine
digestive system
