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Yr8-Science > y9 revision 1 > Flashcards

y9 revision 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a tissue?

A

a group of cells with similar structures and functions

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2
Q

what is an organ?

A

a group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

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3
Q

what is an organ system?

A

a group of organs working together to perform a particular function e.g. the digestive system

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4
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

a biological catalyst

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5
Q

name the parts of the lungs

A

trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli

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6
Q

name three blood vessels

A

arteries ~ carry blood away from the heart
capillaries ~ exchange of materials at the tissue
veins ~ carry blood to the heart

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7
Q

define health

A

health is a state of physical and mental well-being

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8
Q

define cancer

A

cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division

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9
Q

define transpiration

A

movement of water through a plant

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10
Q

define translocation

A

movement of sap (sugars and salts) through a plant

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11
Q

what is the function of bile in digestive system?

A
  1. neutralises acid from the stomach

2. emulsifies fat to increase surface area allowing the enzyme lipase to break the fat down quicker

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12
Q

where does digestion start?

A

digestion starts in the mouth when the salivary glands produce the enzyme amylase

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13
Q

name two places where mechanical digestion takes place

A
  1. the mouth the action of teeth starts to breakdown the food
  2. the stomach churns the food
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14
Q

describe 3 functions of the stomach

A
  1. muscular to churn food
  2. produced the enzyme protease
  3. produces hydrochloric acid that kills bacteria and allows the protease enzyme to work
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15
Q

describe 2 functions of the small intestine

A
  1. produces enzymes (protease, amylase, lipase) to complete digestion
  2. digested food is absorbed from the small intestine into the blood
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16
Q

Give three adaptions of the small intestine an explain how it increases the rate of diffusion of molecules into the blood

A
  1. thin walls ~ once cell thick, short diffusion pathway
  2. good blood supply ~ maintains high concentration gradient
  3. villi (folded structure) ~ large surface area
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17
Q

describe the function of the large intestine

A

removes excess water from digested food

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18
Q

name three enzymes produced in the pancreas

A

amylase, protease, lipase

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19
Q

name the four main components of blood

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets

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20
Q

name substances transported in the blood plasma

A

hormones, proteins, urea, carbon dioxide, glucose

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21
Q

describe three adaptions of a red blood cell

A

no nucleus ~ more space for oxygen
contains haemoglobin ~ bind oxygen
bi-concave disc shape ~ large surface to volume ratio for fast diffusion of oxygen

22
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

to form blood clots, prevent the loss of blood and stop wounds becoming infected

23
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

a catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

24
Q

explain why enzymes are specific to substrates

A

the enzyme has an active site which is a specific shape for the substrate this is called the lock and key model. If the substrate doesn’t fit the active site of the enzyme the enzyme cannot breakdown the substrate

25
Q

describe the positive and negative food test for sugar

A

positive: benedict solution will turn from blue to green, yellow or red depending on how much sugar is in the food. You need to hear this test in a water bath to make this work
negative: the benedict solution will stay blue

26
Q

describe the positive and negative food test for starch

A

positive: Iodine will turn from brown/orange to black/ blue if starch is present
negative: if starch is not present iodine will stay brown/orange

27
Q

describe positive and negative food test for proteins

A

positive: biuret solution will change from pale blue to lilac purple
negative: the solution will stay pale blue

28
Q

describe the positive and negative food test for fat

A

positive: when alcohol is added the solution will turn from colourless/ clear to white and cloudy
negative: the solution will stay colourless/ clear

29
Q

name 3 adaptions of the alveoli and explain how this increases the rate of diffusion/ allows fast gas exchange

A
  1. very good supply, this maintains a high concentration gradient
  2. thin cell wall ~ one cell thick, short diffusion pathway
  3. folded walls to give a large surface area
30
Q

explain why the heart is known as a double circulatory system

A

two circuits joined together

  1. the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen, the blood then returns to the heart
  2. the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body. the blood gives up it’s oxygen at the body cells and the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped out to the lungs again
31
Q

explain the function of valves in the heart

A

valves make sure the blood pumps in one direction only

32
Q

explain what the pacemaker cells do in the heart

A

these group of cells located in the right atrium wall produce a small electrical impulse causing the surrounding muscle cells to contract, controlling your resting heart rate

33
Q

state the rate of blood flow equation

A

rate of blood flow (ml/min)= volume of blood (ml) / number of minutes

34
Q

how does the structure of an artery relate to its function?

A

carries blood away from the heart under high pressure - has a small lumen and thick, elasticated walls that can stretch

35
Q

how does the function of a vein relate to its function?

A

carries blood back away to the heart low pressure - does not need thick elasticated walls, but has valves to prevent blood flow in the wrong way

36
Q

how does the structure of a capillary relate to its function?

A

carries blood to cells and tissues - has a one-cell-thick wall to provide a short diffusion pathway

37
Q

describe 2 methods of treating coronary heart disease (CHD)

A
  1. statins to reduce cholesterol ~ drugs- reduce the quantity of fatty deposits in arteries
  2. stents ~ surgery ~ tubes inserted into arteries and hold them open
38
Q

state advantages and disadvantages of statins

A

advantages- tablets ~ easy to make, reduce the risk of strokes and CHD and heart attacks
disadvantages ~ might forget to take them, side effects like headaches, takes time to work

39
Q

state advantages and disadvantages of stents

A

advantages ~ quick recovery time from surgery, instant results
disadvantages ~ risk of infection or complications from surgery, might get a blood clot near the stent ~ could cause a heart attack

40
Q

explain the difference between communicable and non - communicable diseases

A

communicable diseases can spread from person to person or between animals and people e.g. measles, malaria
non communicable diseases canton spread between people or between animals and people e.g. asthma, coronary heart disease, cancer

41
Q

describe some risk factors that can directly cause a disease

A

smoking has been proven to directly cause lung disease, cardiovascular disease
obesity can directly cause type 2 diabetes
drinking too much alcohol and smoking can cause lots of health problems for the unborn baby
radiation and certain substances called carcinogens can cause cancer

42
Q

describe the two types of tumour

A
  1. benign ~ tumour grows and stays in one place, usually not cancerous
  2. malignant ~ tumour grows and spreads to healthy tissues, parts break off and travel in the blood. the malignant cells then invade healthy tissues where they form secondary tumours. They are cancerous and dangerous
43
Q

describe 6 tissues found in a leaf

A
  1. waxy cutical ~ reduces water loss by evaporation
  2. upper epidermis ~ transparent to allow light to get to the palisade cells
  3. palisade mesophyll ~ lots of palisade cells to carry out photosynthesis
  4. spongey mesophyll ~ air gaps to allow gases to diffuse in and out
  5. low epidermis ~ has stomata controlled by guard cells ~ let’s substances in and out of the leaf
  6. xylem ~ transports water
  7. phloem ~ transports glucose
44
Q

describe phloem tubes

A
  1. long hallow living cells
  2. small pores to allow sap to pass through
  3. transport goes in both directions
45
Q

describe xylem tubes

A
  1. long hollow dead cells
  2. strengthened by lignin
  3. no end walls
  4. one direction only
46
Q

describe how sugar and water are transported around the plant

A

water is transported around the plant in transpiration
it is transported via the xylem
it moves upwards from the roots to the leaves
sugar is transported around the plant in translocation
it is transported via the phloem
sugar moves in both directions

47
Q

name 4 things that transpiration rate is affected by

A
  1. light intensity (high light intensity = high transpiration rate)
  2. temperature (high temperature = high transpiration rate
  3. air flow (high airflow = high transpiration rate)
  4. humidity (high humidity = low transpiration rate)
48
Q

name the equipment used to measure the transpiration rate

A

potometer

49
Q

name the process that water enters the root hair cell and define it

A

osmosis ~ movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a partially permeable membrane
does not require energy

50
Q

name the process that minerals enters the root hair cell and define it

A

active transport ~ movement of a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration, requires energy

Yr8-Science (8 decks)

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