Y11 content that carries forward Flashcards
mRNA - name and function
messenger RNA - carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome
rRNA name and function
ribosomal RNA - structural component of ribosomesalong with other proteins
tRNA name and function
transfer RNA - brings correct and specific amino acids to the ribosome
An intron is ..
Non-coding component of pre-mRNA
An exon is
Coding part of mRNA
A Codon is ..
Three base sequence on mRNA
An Anticodon is ..
Three base sequence on tRNA
The genome is …
All the genetic information in an individual or cell
A nucleotide is …
Monomers of nucleic acids - contain a phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base
Give 3 examples of proteins
e.g. enzymes, antibodies, protein hormones like insulin
Quaternary protein structure is …
Two or more polypeptides joined together
Tertiary protein structure is ..
A 3D structure composed of a folded secondary structure
The secondary structure of a protein is …
The initial folding of the primary structure into alpha helix, beta pleated sheetor randomly folded
Primary structure of a protein is ..
Sequence of amino acids
Condensation polymerisation is …
Chemical reaction involving the chemical elimination of water during the formation of a polymer
The monomer of a protein is …
an amino acid
A polymer is
A series of monomers joined together
A monomer is …
Single unit from which a polymer is formed
Proteome
The entire set of proteins expressed by an organism at a given time
A gene is a
heredity unit composed of a DNA section. It occupies aspecific location on a chromosome.It determines thecharacteristic of an organism by encoding for theformation of a protein
Three base sequence on mRNA is called a
Codon ..
Three base sequence on tRNA is called a
Anticodon
Adenine pairs with
Thymine
Guanine pairs with
Cytosine
DNA stands for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Define degenerate
This means that multiple codons code for the same amino acid.
Translation definition
Ribosomes read the mRNA code for _____.
tRNA brings the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome.
tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to mRNA codons.
Amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond, in a condensation polymerisation reaction, and a _____ polypeptide is formed.
Transcription definition
DNA unwinds, and RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region for the _____ gene.
DNA template strand is copied into pre-mRNA via complementary base pairing using RNA polymerase. pre mRNA undergoes RNA processing.
Introns are removed, a 5’ methyl G cap and 3’ poly-A tail are added to form mRNA.
mRNA for ______leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome.
Function of nucleus in the protein production pathway
DNA transcribed into mRNA during transcription.
Function of ribosome in the protein production pathway
Translates the mRNA code for ____ into a polypeptide.
Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the protein production pathway
Folding __________ polypeptides into proteins and transport them into transport vesicles
Function of transport vesicles in the protein production pathway
Transport _____ proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
Function of Golgi body in the protein production pathway
Final modification and packaging of _____ proteins into secretory vesicles.
Function of Secretory vesicles in the protein production pathway
Fuse with the plasma membrane allowing _____protein to leave the cell via exocytosis.
Outline importance of RNA processing
3’ poly A tail is added. This leads to the code being protected from enzyme degradation and allows the mRNA to leave the nucleus. 5’ methyl cap is added. This leads to the code being protected from enzyme degradation and allows the mRNA to attach to a ribosome. Introns are removed. This leads to exons that can then be re-arranged during alternative splicing to form a many protein products from the same gene.
Define universal
This means that it results in the same amino acid being translated in all living things e.g. TAC will code for Met in all living things
Define independent variable
The independent variable is a factor that is changed or manipulated in an experiment to determine it’s effect on the dependent variable
Define dependent variable
The dependent variable is measured to determine if the change or
manipulation of the independent variable had any effect.
Define controlled variable
controlled variable is one that is kept constant throughout the experiment.
Define control group
Factor affecting change that has been removed, to provide a baseline for comparison to the experimental group.
Define accuracy
how close it is to the true value of the quantity being measured.
To improve accuracy the priority is to change the ?
measurement tool
Precision is ?
how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other.
A systematic error is
This is a consistent error that occurs every time you take a measurement. E.g. reading the scale incorrectly or an uncalibrated meter. It affects the accuracy of the measurement.
A random error
These are unpredictable variations that can occur with each measurement. They affect the precision of the measurements.
Reproducibility is
the closeness of results between a different experiment testing the same thing carried out by a different experimenter.
Repeatibility is
the closeness of results between the same experiment carried out by the same experimenter.
An experiment is valid if
if it measures what it is supposed to be measuring.
State what energy is increased when temperature increases.
Kinetic
Explain the outcome of increasing the substrate concentration on an enzyme controlled reaction.
Beacuse there is more susbtrate
Then there are more successful collisions between enzyme and substrate, so more enzyme substrate complexes form,
therefore increasing the rate of reaction, until the enzymes become limited and the rate of reaction plateaus
Active site is a part of an enzyme that is
specific and complementary in shape and charge to the substrate.
If an enzyme has denatured it has changed the ?
3D shape of an enzyme, changing the shape of the active site, so it is no longer complementary and specific to substrate
An enzyme is …
a protein biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions bu lowering the activation energy
If an enzyme is inactive then
it has low kinetic energy but has not changed tertiary structure or 3D shape of the active site
In what conditions do enzymes denature?
High and low pH and high termperatures
Describe point X
Saturation point. This means that all enzyme active sites are occupied with subtrate there is the maximum number of enzyme substrate complexes forming so it cannot increase further regardless of an increase in substrate.
Role of the chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
Location of Light dependent reaction within the chloroplast
Grana
Location of light independent reaction within the chloroplast
Stroma
Endosymbiotic theory is a theory that ….
Chloroplast and mitochondria originated when a prokaryote engulfed another prokaryote cell speciliased in photosynthesis or energy conversion from glucose to ATP
List the three main factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature
Where does glycolysis occur?
in the cytosol
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
in the matrix of the mitochondria
Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
in the cristae of the mitochondria
What factors affect the rate of respiration?
Temperature, Glucose availability, Oxygen concentration
Name the waste product formed in animals from anaerobic respiration
Lactic acid (Lactate)
Name the waste product formed in yeast and plants from anaerobic respiration
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
How many ATP are made in aerobic respiration?
30-32 ATP
How many ATP are made in anaerobic respiration?
2 ATP
Write the word equation for aerobic cellular respiration
Glucose + Oxygen goes to Carbon dioxide + Water
Which part of aerobic respiration doesn’t actually require oxygen?
Glycolysis (this would therefore occur in both anaerobic and aerobic)
Define genome
All of the genetic information in an individual or cell
State the purpose of an endonuclease
Cut DNA at a specific recogniton site
Describe the purpose of CRISPR in bacteria.
A store of previously encountered viral DNA stored as spacers in the single circular chromosome. This means that it acts as a primitive adapative immune system (a memory of previous infection).
