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Year 12 2024 > Y11 content that carries forward > Flashcards

Y11 content that carries forward Flashcards

1
Q

mRNA - name and function

A

messenger RNA - carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome

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2
Q

rRNA name and function

A

ribosomal RNA - structural component of ribosomesalong with other proteins

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3
Q

tRNA name and function

A

transfer RNA - brings correct and specific amino acids to the ribosome

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4
Q

An intron is ..

A

Non-coding component of pre-mRNA

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5
Q

An exon is

A

Coding part of mRNA

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6
Q

A Codon is ..

A

Three base sequence on mRNA

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7
Q

An Anticodon is ..

A

Three base sequence on tRNA

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8
Q

The genome is …

A

All the genetic information in an individual or cell

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9
Q

A nucleotide is …

A

Monomers of nucleic acids - contain a phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base

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10
Q

Give 3 examples of proteins

A

e.g. enzymes, antibodies, protein hormones like insulin

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11
Q

Quaternary protein structure is …

A

Two or more polypeptides joined together

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12
Q

Tertiary protein structure is ..

A

A 3D structure composed of a folded secondary structure

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13
Q

The secondary structure of a protein is …

A

The initial folding of the primary structure into alpha helix, beta pleated sheetor randomly folded

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14
Q

Primary structure of a protein is ..

A

Sequence of amino acids

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15
Q

Condensation polymerisation is …

A

Chemical reaction involving the chemical elimination of water during the formation of a polymer

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16
Q

The monomer of a protein is …

A

an amino acid

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17
Q

A polymer is

A

A series of monomers joined together

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18
Q

A monomer is …

A

Single unit from which a polymer is formed

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19
Q

Proteome

A

The entire set of proteins expressed by an organism at a given time

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20
Q

A gene is a

A

heredity unit composed of a DNA section. It occupies aspecific location on a chromosome.It determines thecharacteristic of an organism by encoding for theformation of a protein

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21
Q

Three base sequence on mRNA is called a

A

Codon ..

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22
Q

Three base sequence on tRNA is called a

A

Anticodon

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23
Q

Adenine pairs with

A

Thymine

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24
Q

Guanine pairs with

A

Cytosine

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25
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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26
Q

Define degenerate

A

This means that multiple codons code for the same amino acid.

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27
Q

Translation definition

A

Ribosomes read the mRNA code for _____.
tRNA brings the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome.
tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to mRNA codons.
Amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond, in a condensation polymerisation reaction, and a _____ polypeptide is formed.

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28
Q

Transcription definition

A

DNA unwinds, and RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region for the _____ gene.
DNA template strand is copied into pre-mRNA via complementary base pairing using RNA polymerase. pre mRNA undergoes RNA processing.
Introns are removed, a 5’ methyl G cap and 3’ poly-A tail are added to form mRNA.
mRNA for ______leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome.

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29
Q

Function of nucleus in the protein production pathway

A

DNA transcribed into mRNA during transcription.

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30
Q

Function of ribosome in the protein production pathway

A

Translates the mRNA code for ____ into a polypeptide.

31
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the protein production pathway

A

Folding __________ polypeptides into proteins and transport them into transport vesicles

32
Q

Function of transport vesicles in the protein production pathway

A

Transport _____ proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

33
Q

Function of Golgi body in the protein production pathway

A

Final modification and packaging of _____ proteins into secretory vesicles.

34
Q

Function of Secretory vesicles in the protein production pathway

A

Fuse with the plasma membrane allowing _____protein to leave the cell via exocytosis.

35
Q

Outline importance of RNA processing

A

3’ poly A tail is added. This leads to the code being protected from enzyme degradation and allows the mRNA to leave the nucleus. 5’ methyl cap is added. This leads to the code being protected from enzyme degradation and allows the mRNA to attach to a ribosome. Introns are removed. This leads to exons that can then be re-arranged during alternative splicing to form a many protein products from the same gene.

36
Q

Define universal

A

This means that it results in the same amino acid being translated in all living things e.g. TAC will code for Met in all living things

37
Q

Define independent variable

A

The independent variable is a factor that is changed or manipulated in an experiment to determine it’s effect on the dependent variable

38
Q

Define dependent variable

A

The dependent variable is measured to determine if the change or
manipulation of the independent variable had any effect.

39
Q

Define controlled variable

A

controlled variable is one that is kept constant throughout the experiment.

40
Q

Define control group

A

Factor affecting change that has been removed, to provide a baseline for comparison to the experimental group.

41
Q

Define accuracy

A

how close it is to the true value of the quantity being measured.

42
Q

To improve accuracy the priority is to change the ?

A

measurement tool

43
Q

Precision is ?

A

how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other.

44
Q

A systematic error is

A

This is a consistent error that occurs every time you take a measurement. E.g. reading the scale incorrectly or an uncalibrated meter. It affects the accuracy of the measurement.

45
Q

A random error

A

These are unpredictable variations that can occur with each measurement. They affect the precision of the measurements.

46
Q

Reproducibility is

A

the closeness of results between a different experiment testing the same thing carried out by a different experimenter.

47
Q

Repeatibility is

A

the closeness of results between the same experiment carried out by the same experimenter.

48
Q

An experiment is valid if

A

if it measures what it is supposed to be measuring.

49
Q

State what energy is increased when temperature increases.

A

Kinetic

50
Q

Explain the outcome of increasing the substrate concentration on an enzyme controlled reaction.

A

Beacuse there is more susbtrate
Then there are more successful collisions between enzyme and substrate, so more enzyme substrate complexes form,
therefore increasing the rate of reaction, until the enzymes become limited and the rate of reaction plateaus

51
Q

Active site is a part of an enzyme that is

A

specific and complementary in shape and charge to the substrate.

52
Q

If an enzyme has denatured it has changed the ?

A

3D shape of an enzyme, changing the shape of the active site, so it is no longer complementary and specific to substrate

53
Q

An enzyme is …

A

a protein biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions bu lowering the activation energy

54
Q

If an enzyme is inactive then

A

it has low kinetic energy but has not changed tertiary structure or 3D shape of the active site

55
Q

In what conditions do enzymes denature?

A

High and low pH and high termperatures

56
Q

Describe point X

A

Saturation point. This means that all enzyme active sites are occupied with subtrate there is the maximum number of enzyme substrate complexes forming so it cannot increase further regardless of an increase in substrate.

57
Q

Role of the chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

58
Q

Location of Light dependent reaction within the chloroplast

A

Grana

59
Q

Location of light independent reaction within the chloroplast

A

Stroma

60
Q

Endosymbiotic theory is a theory that ….

A

Chloroplast and mitochondria originated when a prokaryote engulfed another prokaryote cell speciliased in photosynthesis or energy conversion from glucose to ATP

61
Q

List the three main factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature

62
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytosol

63
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

64
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

A

in the cristae of the mitochondria

65
Q

What factors affect the rate of respiration?

A

Temperature, Glucose availability, Oxygen concentration

66
Q

Name the waste product formed in animals from anaerobic respiration

A

Lactic acid (Lactate)

67
Q

Name the waste product formed in yeast and plants from anaerobic respiration

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

68
Q

How many ATP are made in aerobic respiration?

A

30-32 ATP

69
Q

How many ATP are made in anaerobic respiration?

A

2 ATP

70
Q

Write the word equation for aerobic cellular respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen goes to Carbon dioxide + Water

71
Q

Which part of aerobic respiration doesn’t actually require oxygen?

A

Glycolysis (this would therefore occur in both anaerobic and aerobic)

72
Q

Define genome

A

All of the genetic information in an individual or cell

73
Q

State the purpose of an endonuclease

A

Cut DNA at a specific recogniton site

74
Q

Describe the purpose of CRISPR in bacteria.

A

A store of previously encountered viral DNA stored as spacers in the single circular chromosome. This means that it acts as a primitive adapative immune system (a memory of previous infection).

Year 12 2024 (14 decks)

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