8. Changes in genetic makeup Flashcards

1
Q

An allele is ?

A

a variation of a gene at a particular gene locus

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2
Q

A species is defined as …

A

A group of organisms that interbreed to produce viable and fertile offspring

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3
Q

Phenotype is the ?

A

physical, behavioural or physiological characteristic of an organism which are a result of the combination of genotype and the environment

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4
Q

Allele frequency is ..

A

The proportion of one allele in a population

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5
Q

A point mutation is when ?

A

one single nucleotide is changed

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6
Q

A silent mutation is where the ?

A

DNA base has changed but this will still code for the same of amino acid because the code is degenerate.

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7
Q

A missense mutation is where ?

A

DNA base has changed and this changes the amino acid coded for. The sequence of amino acids is different and therefore changes the tertiary structure of the protein and it will no longer function correctly.

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8
Q

STOP that nonsense

A nonsense mutation is where ?

A

DNA base has changed and this changes the amino acid coded for as it codes for a stop codon instead. The sequence of amino acids is then shorter and therefore changes the tertiary structure of the protein and it will no longer function correctly.

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9
Q

A population is defined as ?

A

a group of individuals of the same species in the same defined geographical area

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10
Q

Evolution is the ?

A

change in allele frequency over time

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11
Q

Define gene flow

A

The movement of individuals into or out of of a population changing allele frequency

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12
Q

Genetic drift is the ?

A

change in allele frequencies in a population by chance

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13
Q

Founder effect is when ?

A

A group of individuals, whose allele frequency unrepresentative of the normal population, breakawayand found a new population

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14
Q

Bottleneck effect is ?

A

A severe reduction in genetic diversity due to a catastrophe that may change allele frequency

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15
Q

Extinction is defined as ?

A

When no member of a particular species exists

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16
Q

Give the steps of selective breeding

A

Select organisms based on desired traits/based on phenotype of _____.
Breed selected male and female individuals together
Repeat over many generations

17
Q

Define biological fitness

A

The ability to survive, reproduce and pass on alleles to the next generation

18
Q

Define selective agent/pressure

A

A factor in an organism’s environment that removes unsuited individuals from a population

19
Q

Using the acronym list the 5 steps of Natural Selection

A

VA – There is variation in the phenotypes in the xxxxxxx population due to random mutations as they have xxxxxxx
ST – All organisms face a daily struggle to survive and reproduce. Thexxxxxx withxxxxxx struggle because xxxxx this is the selection pressure.
SE – The xxxxx with xxxhave a selective advantage as they xxxxx
IN – The organisms that have a selective advantage (xxxx), survive, reproduce and their offspring inherit the alleles for the trait of XXXXXX
E – Evolution occurs by natural selection and there is a change in allele frequency over time and theXXX population becomes better suited to its environment.

20
Q

Define gene pool

A

The complete set of alleles present in a population.

21
Q

Aneuploidy is ?

A

A diploid cell with too many or too few chromosomes compared to their normal diploid number.

22
Q

Polyploidy is ….

A

A cell with more than one paired set of chromosome

23
Q

The structure for an allopatric speciation question must include

A

Two populations of are geographically isolated by a permanent geographical barrier of _.
There is no gene flow.
There are different selection pressures e.g. _acting on each population of and those with a selective advantage for survive and reproduce.
Mutations accumulate over many generations in each population.
Eventually they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile and viable offspring and would be considered 2 separate species.
*

24
Q

Genotype is

A

the allele combination of an individual

25
Q

A Mutation is ..

A

A change in the allele due to a change in the DNA

26
Q

Describe how we know if two organisms are separate species.

A

If they can interbreed to produce fertile and viable offpsirng then then are the same species.

27
Q

Define bacterial conjugation

A

is the process in which bacteria exchange genetic material via direct cell-cell contact

28
Q

Name three factors that contribute to the formation of antiobiotic resistant bacteria

A

Inappropriate compliance with a treatment plan
Inappropriate use of antibiotics
Widespread use of antibiotics

29
Q

Genetic diversity is

A

the variation in a genetic makeup or alleles within a population

30
Q

Antigenic drift is

A

Small and gradual mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

31
Q

Antigenic shift is

A

Sudden and significant mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

32
Q

Give 3 reasons bacteria are more likely to become resistant to antibiotics

A

Inappropriate compliance with a treatment plan
Inappropriate use of antibiotics
Widespread use of antibiotics

33
Q

Describe the consequence of emmigration

A

Decrease in genetic diversity. This means that the population will be less likely to survive if the environment changes.

34
Q

Describe the consequence of immigration

A

Increase in genetic diversity. This means that the population will be more likely to survive if the environment changes.

35
Q

Define selection pressure

A

Selection pressures are factors in an organism’s environment that removes unsuited individuals from a population.