8. Changes in genetic makeup

Question 1

An allele is ?

Answer 1

a variation of a gene at a particular gene locus

Question 2

A species is defined as …

Answer 2

A group of organisms that interbreed to produce viable and fertile offspring

Question 3

Phenotype is the ?

Answer 3

physical, behavioural or physiological characteristic of an organism which are a result of the combination of genotype and the environment

Question 4

Allele frequency is ..

Answer 4

The proportion of one allele in a population

Question 5

A point mutation is when ?

Answer 5

one single nucleotide is changed

Question 6

A silent mutation is where the ?

Answer 6

DNA base has changed but this will still code for the same of amino acid because the code is degenerate.

Question 7

A missense mutation is where ?

Answer 7

DNA base has changed and this changes the amino acid coded for. The sequence of amino acids is different and therefore changes the tertiary structure of the protein and it will no longer function correctly.

Question 8

STOP that nonsense

A nonsense mutation is where ?

Answer 8

DNA base has changed and this changes the amino acid coded for as it codes for a stop codon instead. The sequence of amino acids is then shorter and therefore changes the tertiary structure of the protein and it will no longer function correctly.

Question 9

A population is defined as ?

Answer 9

a group of individuals of the same species in the same defined geographical area

Question 10

Evolution is the ?

Answer 10

change in allele frequency over time

Question 11

Define gene flow

Answer 11

The movement of individuals into or out of of a population changing allele frequency

Question 12

Genetic drift is the ?

Answer 12

change in allele frequencies in a population by chance

Question 13

Founder effect is when ?

Answer 13

A group of individuals, whose allele frequency unrepresentative of the normal population, breakawayand found a new population

Question 14

Bottleneck effect is ?

Answer 14

A severe reduction in genetic diversity due to a catastrophe that may change allele frequency

Question 15

Extinction is defined as ?

Answer 15

When no member of a particular species exists

Question 16

Give the steps of selective breeding

Answer 16

Select organisms based on desired traits/based on phenotype of _____.
Breed selected male and female individuals together
Repeat over many generations

Question 17

Define biological fitness

Answer 17

The ability to survive, reproduce and pass on alleles to the next generation

Question 18

Define selective agent/pressure

Answer 18

A factor in an organism’s environment that removes unsuited individuals from a population

Question 19

Using the acronym list the 5 steps of Natural Selection

Answer 19

VA – There is variation in the phenotypes in the xxxxxxx population due to random mutations as they have xxxxxxx
ST – All organisms face a daily struggle to survive and reproduce. Thexxxxxx withxxxxxx struggle because xxxxx this is the selection pressure.
SE – The xxxxx with xxxhave a selective advantage as they xxxxx
IN – The organisms that have a selective advantage (xxxx), survive, reproduce and their offspring inherit the alleles for the trait of XXXXXX
E – Evolution occurs by natural selection and there is a change in allele frequency over time and theXXX population becomes better suited to its environment.

Question 20

Define gene pool

Answer 20

The complete set of alleles present in a population.

Question 21

Aneuploidy is ?

Answer 21

A diploid cell with too many or too few chromosomes compared to their normal diploid number.

Question 22

Polyploidy is ….

Answer 22

A cell with more than one paired set of chromosome

Question 23

The structure for an allopatric speciation question must include

Answer 23

Two populations of are geographically isolated by a permanent geographical barrier of _.
There is no gene flow.
There are different selection pressures e.g. _acting on each population of and those with a selective advantage for survive and reproduce.
Mutations accumulate over many generations in each population.
Eventually they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile and viable offspring and would be considered 2 separate species.
*

Question 24

Genotype is

Answer 24

the allele combination of an individual

Question 25

A Mutation is ..

Answer 25

A change in the allele due to a change in the DNA

Question 26

Describe how we know if two organisms are separate species.

Answer 26

If they can interbreed to produce fertile and viable offpsirng then then are the same species.

Question 27

Define bacterial conjugation

Answer 27

is the process in which bacteria exchange genetic material via direct cell-cell contact

Question 28

Name three factors that contribute to the formation of antiobiotic resistant bacteria

Answer 28

Inappropriate compliance with a treatment plan Inappropriate use of antibiotics Widespread use of antibiotics

Question 29

Genetic diversity is

Answer 29

the variation in a genetic makeup or alleles within a population

Question 30

Antigenic drift is

Answer 30

Small and gradual mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

Question 31

Antigenic shift is

Answer 31

Sudden and significant mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

Question 32

Give 3 reasons bacteria are more likely to become resistant to antibiotics

Answer 32

Inappropriate compliance with a treatment plan Inappropriate use of antibiotics Widespread use of antibiotics

Question 33

Describe the consequence of emmigration

Answer 33

**Decrease in genetic diversity**. This means that the population will be **less likely to survive if the environment changes**.

Question 34

Describe the consequence of immigration

Answer 34

**Increase in genetic diversity**. This means that the population will be **more likely to survive if the environment changes.**

Question 35

Define selection pressure

Answer 35

Selection pressures are factors in an organism’s environment that removes unsuited individuals from a population.