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Question 1

Encoding/decoding (4)
Some criticism against this approach:

Answer 1

• Which audience groups reject dominant meanings, and to what
  extent are they able to do so?
• How do we know what the ‘preferred meaning’ is? Definition of
  researcher, the artist, the audience…?
• To what extent does the artist consciously endow the artwork with a
  certain meaning

Question 2

Readers have a

Answer 2

‘horizon of expectations

Question 3

Groups form

Answer 3

interpretative communities’

Interpretative communities: determine frame of reference

Reception differed by interpretative communities

Realist (as if real)
* Ludic (playful)
* Critical (aware of construction

Question 4

Criticism on consumption approache

Answer 4

1. Strict positivists: meaning-making is not falsifiable
2. Moderate positivists: Reception approach = qualitative research and
   therefore difficult to generalize
3. Engaged studies often contain normative viewpoints and/or lack empirical
   data (cultural studies in particular)
4. How active is the audience?
   …Frankfurter Schule studies:
   “have patronized the audience by calling it stupid”
   …Consumption approaches:
   “have patronized the audience by calling it subversive”

Question 5

Modes of reception

Answer 5

Primary (focus of attention) → ‘lean-in’
* Secondary (background, distracted)’→ ‘lean-back’
* Tertiary (not noticed consciously)

Question 6

Collective effervescence’ (Durkheim