XRAY Pathology Flashcards
What is the branch of medicine that specializes in cancer?
oncology
What are changes within the patient that are not observable or measurable to the healthcare worker?
symptoms
What does hypertrophy mean?
an increase in size due to an increase in the number of cells
What doe the prefix “pre-“ mean?
before
What is an abcess?
localized collection of pus
What is the term for massive bleeding?
hemorrhage
What does the prefix “post-“ mean?
after
Pyogenic bacteria is bacteria that forms what?
pus
What what is an area of dead tissue referred to?
a necrotic area (necrosis)
What are changes within a patient that are observable or measurable?
signs
What is an aneurysm?
abnormal bulging of a blood vessel
What is the term that refers to abnormal growth and development?
dysplasia
What is an abnormal accumulation of fluid called?
edema
What is another word for malignant?
cancerous
What is the definition of a neoplasm?
new growth or tumor
What does idiopathic mean?
cause is unknown
What is an abnormal opening between two organs called?
fistula
What does the prefix “hypo-“ refer to?
under, too little, less than normal
What does iatrogenic mean?
problem/condition was caused by a physician
What is cardiomegaly?
an enlarged heart
What are angiomas?
benign tumor of blood vessels
Redness, heat, swelling and pain collectively describe what?
inflammation
What does the prefix “chondro-“ refer to?
cartilage
What is air in the pleural space called?
pneumothorax
What is ischemia?
decrease of blood supply to an organ
What is fluid in the pleural space called?
pleural effusion
What does the prefix “myo-“ refer to?
muscle
What term refers to the structure of the human body?
anatomy
What term refers to the study of function within the human body?
physiology
What is the study of disease?
pathology
A disease genetically transmitted from parent to child is termed what?
a hereditary disease
what is a term that refers to blood vessels?
blood vessels
which body system is responsible for supplying the body with oxygen?
respiratory system
what is the term for not well defined: bizarre pattern?
undifferentiated
during a CT exam, what is the part of the machine that the patient couch travels into and out of?
gantry
which body system is responsible for supplying blood to the organs and tissues of the body?
cardiovascular system
what does the prefix hyper- refer to?
over or excessive
what is the test tool called that is radiographed to evaluate image quality?
a phantom
what is the hilum of a organ?
the area where structures enter and exit an organ
what is the disease classification that refers to deterioration of the body associated with the aging process?
degenerative disease
which modality must screen their patients for possible metallic objects implanted or embedded in them?
MRI
where is the parietal pleura located in relationship to the lungs?
the outer membrane (it lines the thoracic wall)
what is the term that means a disease or condition is present at birth?
congenital
which modality utilizes a gamma camera to detect radiation and form an image?
nuclear medicine
what is the lung disease characterized by the excessive secretion of mucus?
cystic fibrosis
what term refers to the sudden onset of signs or symptoms of a disease?
acute
which modality utilizes radiopharmaceuticals that emit radiation?
nuclear medicine
vasodilators are medications that make ___ larger.
the lumen of blood vessels larger
if a lesion is found during an angiogram procedure, describe where is the lesion found.
in a blood vessel (in an artery or vein)
which body habitus has the heart lying the most transverse and the diaphragm placed the highest?
hyperstenic
bronchoconstrictors are medications that make ___ smaller.
the lumen of bronchi smaller
how can a disease be described that develops slowly and persists over a long period of time?
chronic
which body habitus is characterized by the heart lying more vertical, the lungs are long, and the diaphragm is low?
asthenic
what pathologic condition can be seen as a narrowing of the trachea on an x-ray?
Croup
in what organ are the biliary ducts found?
liver
what is another way of referring to the organs of the chest?
thoracic viscera
what respiratory disease affects infants and has a high rate of nosocomial infection?
RSV
in US, what is the device used to send and receive the signal?
transducer
what is another way of referring to the structures of the chest made of bones?
bony thorax
COPD can be described as the overinflation of the lungs. How can overinflation be described radiographically?
radiolucent (more black)
Which condition is characterized by the narrowing of the airways as a response to allergens?
asthma
What does the prefix “peri-“ refer to?
around
What is described as a collection of blood outside a blood vessel?
hematoma
What is another name for a collapsed lung?
atelectasis
What does the prefix “epi-“ refer to?
above
What is described as tissue death due to a decrease in blood supply to an organ or tissue?
infarction (necrosis is an area of tissue death, not the actual death)
What is the term for the prediction of the course or outcome of disease?
prognosis
What does the prefix “neo-“ refer to?
new
What is the term for the identification of a disease?
diagnosis
What is hemoptysis?
coughing up blood
What other term can be used interchangeably with emphysema?
COPD
What does the prefix “sub-“ refer to?
below
What term best describes the study of neoplasms?
oncology
What does hypoxia refer to?
lack of oxygen
What does the suffix “-itis” refer to?
inflammation
What is another term for non-cancerous?
benign
What does the prefix “hetero-“ refer to?
different
What does the prefix “intra-“ refer to?
within
What is the name of an infection that is obtained while hospitalized?
nosocomial
What do the suffixes “-lysis” an “-lytic” refer to?
to dissolve
What causes the infection in the lungs in histoplasmosis?
fungi
What is the term for the study of the cause of disease?
idiology
What does the prefix “poly-“ refer to?
many
What is the term for scar tissue that binds together two pieces of anatomy?
adhesions
What is the term for something that causes cancer?
carcinogen
What does the prefix “osteo-“ refer to?
bone
What is described as an inflammation of the lungs that is caused by bacteria or a virus?
pneumonia
What is atrophy?
a decrease in size
What is the structure called that separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis in children?
epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
What is another term for degenerative joint disease (DJD)?
osteoarthritis
What part of the body does a Jones fracture refer to?
base of the 5th metatarsal of the foot
What is the epiphyseal plate made of?
cartilage
What is the term for an incomplete fracture that is common in children?
greenstick fracture
What part of the body does a Colles fracture refer to?
wrist
What is arthritis?
inflammation of a joint
What is a fracture described as a small bone fragment torn from a bony prominence?
avulsion fracture
Where does the humeral head project on a “Y” view with an anterior dislocation?
below the coracoid process
What is osteomyelitis?
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
What is the term for a buckling fracture?
torus fracture
What disease of the bone is characterized by the destruction of bone followed by a reparative process?
Paget’s desease
What is osteomalacia?
softening of the bone
What is the term for a fracture that results in the bone being bowed?
bowing fracture
What is the name of the double membranous sac that encloses the abdominal organs?
peritoneum
What is rickets?
osteomalacia in children caused by a Vitamin D deficiency
What is a fracture that results in the bone sticking out of the skin?
open fracture
What two blood vessels transport blood to the liver?
hepatic artery & portal vein
What disease of the bone is also known as “marble bones” and appears more radiopaque than normal bones?
osteopetrosis
What is the term for the displacement of a bone from its normal articulation?
dislocation
What is the function of the gallbladder?
store bile
What is the term for the bony fusion across a joint?
ankylosis
What is a fracture that results in more than two bone fragments?
comminuted fracture
What two ducts join to form the common bile duct?
common hepatic & cystic duct
Describe the radiographic appearance of osteoporosis?
an increase in radiographic density
The “fat pad sign” is associated with what body part?
elbow
What two ducts join to form the ampulla of Vater?
common bile & pancreatic duct
What disease is characterized by loss of joint cartilage and narrowing of a joint space?
osteoarthritis
What is the forward displacement of one vertebral body over a lower one?
spondylolisthesis
What is the term for the radiographic examination of the biliary ducts after contrast is injected?
cholangiogram
what is the most distal portion of the small intestine?
ileum
what is the twisting of a bowel loop on itself termed?
volvulus
the “apple-core” sign is usually indicative of cancer of what?
the colon
what is the most proximal portion of the small intestine?
duodenum
what is an obstruction due to lack of peristalsis termed?
an ileus
what vein is obstructed with cirrhosis?
portal vein
what is the most proximal portion of the large intestine called?
cecum
what is biliary stenosis?
narrowing of the bile ducts
what liver disease is associated with esophageal varices?
cirrhosis
what organ does the cystic duct arise from?
gallbladder
what is cholelithiasis?
the presence of gallstones
what is the primary cause of cirrhosis?
alcoholism
what is the term for an abnormal protrusion of an organ through an opening?
hernia
what is cholecystitis?
inflammation of the gallbladder
what does the urinary system filter?
blood
what does GERD stand for?
gastroesophageal reflux disease
what condition does distended loops of bowel demonstrate?
a bowel obstruction
what are the functional units of kidney called?
nephrons
what is the most common cause of esophagitis?
GERD
what pathology does free air demonstrate?
a perforated bowel
what are the cup shaped structures called in the kidney that the collecting ducts empty into?
minor calyces
what is the condition called when there is an absence of an opening that should normally be there?
atresia
what is the procedure performed to see inside the bowel with a fiber optic camera?
endoscopy
what is a cluster of capillaries called within a nephron of a kidney?
a glomerulus
what is another term for dilated, tortuous veins?
varicose veins; varices
what is a cholecystectomy?
the surgical removal of the gallbladder
what is another name for the glomerular capsule?
the Bowman’s capsule
what is the telescoping of the bowel into itself termed?
intussusception
during a T-tube cholangiogram, what anatomy is visualized when following the antegrade flow of contrast?
duodenum
what unite to form the renal pelvis?
major calyces
what is considered the actual filter in the kidneys?
the glomerulus
what is the medical term for a dilated kidney?
hydronephrosis
what is the general term that refers to the structures that supply the brain tissue with blood?
the cerebral arteries
what is the cortex of the kidney?
outer layer of renal tissue
what is a stone called that completely fills the renal pelvis?
a staghorn calculus
what supplies the heart with blood?
the coronary arteries
what does retroperitoneum refer to?
behind the peritoneum
what would cause a dilated kidney?
an obstruction of the ureter
what is the relaxation phase of the heart termed?
diastole
define retrograde.
against normal flow
what is the telescoping of the distal ureter into the bladder called?
a ureterocele
what initiates the electrical impulse of the heart?
the SA node
what supplies the kidney with blood?
the renal artery
what is the condition of a kidney with two ureters termed?
duplication
what is the structure that separates the right and left chambers of the heart?
the septum
what is absence of an organ termed?
angenesis
what is the disease characterized by many cysts within the kidney?
polycystic kidney disease
what is the term that means heart muscle?
myocardium
what is the condition characterized by the fusion of the lower poles of the kidneys?
horseshoe kidney
what is the presence of blood in the urine termed?
hematuria
what is the systemic circulation?
blood from the heart, to the body, and then back to the heart
what does the term dysuria mean?
painful urination
renal failure is the failure of the ____ to do what?
kidneys to filter blood
what is the accumulation of plaque termed?
atherosclerosis
what is nephrectomy?
the surgical removal of a kidney
explain dialysis
a procedure that involves the filtering of blood by a machine
what is the term for a decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue?
ischemia
what is an abnormally positioned kidney called?
an ectopic kidney
what major structures are the cardiovascular system composed of?
the heart and blood vessels
what is coarctation?
a congenital narrowing of the aorta
with one word, what is coronary artery disease?
atherosclerosis
what is the most common access site for angiography?
femoral artery
what two structures does the mitral valve lie between?
left atrium and left ventricle
what is the term for a hole between the atria of the heart?
atrial septal defect
what is CHF?
congestive heart failure
what 3 structures make up the brain?
cerebrum; cerebellum; brain stem
what term describes the narrowing of the lumen of an artery?
stenosis
what artery condition is at risk for rupture?
aneurysm
what is the structure made of nerve fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum?
corpus callosum
what is the term for a decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue?
ischemia
what is the most inner layer of a blood vessel?
intima
how far down does the spinal cord extend?
L1/L2
what is angina?
chest pain
what is the term for the hardening of the arteries?
arteriosclerosis
what is the outer most meninge?
dura mater
what is a myocardial infarction?
heart attack
what is another name for a thrombus?
blood clot
what is the space between the arachnoid and the dura mater?
subdural space
what does CABG stand for?
coronary artery bypass graft
what is the condition where the layers of a blood vessel are separated?
dissection
what is a common cause of a brain abscess?
sinus infection
what is the term for the force exerted by the circulating blood on the blood vessel walls?
blood pressure
where does a thrombus travel to cause a pulmonary embolism?
pulmonary arteries
what is empyema?
a collection of pus
what is the term for high blood pressure?
hypertension
where does a thrombus usually come from to cause a pulmonary embolism?
deep veins of the legs
for which type of stroke are blood thinners contraindicated?
hemorrhagic
what is the condition characterized by the failure of the heart to supply the body with enough blood?
congestive heart failure
what two structures does the aortic valve lie between?
left ventricle and aorta
what is the term for a decline in memory?
dementia
