XRAY 110 & lab Flashcards
In what body habitus is the gallbladder most inferior?
asthenic
The lordotic position is used for visualizing what?
lung apices
What are the breathing instructions for an abdomen?
expiration
If you are doing a lateral of the 5th digit, you’d rest the hand on which side?
medial side
What view of the elbow shows the radial head free from superimposition?
lateral oblique
The 1st radiographic grid was made in what year?
1913
What is the most commonly performed oblique of the foot?
medial oblique
If you increase screen speed, what does it do to contrast?
increases contrast
Which bone is directly superior to the calcaneus?
talus
What provides the location for the formation of the latent image?
sensitivity speck
T/F. There is a definite divider between the abdominal cavity & the pelvic cavity.
False
Which lung is shorter?
right lung
Which quadrant does the liver lie in?
right upper quadrant
What is the CR for a PA Oblique hand?
3rd MCP (metacarpal phalangeal)
For a lateral elbow projection, the humeral epicondyles should be ________ to the IR?
perpendicular
Which portion of the patella is the apex?
the bottom part
What is the CR for an AP projection of the foot?
base of the 3rd metatarsal
What type of grid is used for a moving grid?
focused grid
If you increase screen speed, what happens to density?
density is increased (because more photons hit IR)
Which layer of the film is the thickest?
the base
What body habitus describes 50% of the population?
sthenic
What is the recommended SID for a PA chest projection?
72” (183cm)
What does the “U” stand for in KUB?
ureters
What is the CR for digits 2-5 (for one of them, not all)?
PIP (proximal interphalangeal joint)
What is the central ray for an AP projection of the forearm?
midpoint of the forearm
How many tarsals are there in 1 foot?
7
The lateral malleolus is on what bone?
fibula
What was the first type of grid made?
cross or crosshatched
The thickest layer of the radiographic intensifying screen?
base
What type of film is commonly used today?
screen film
What portion of the skeleton supports the head & trunk?
axial skeleton
What size cassette should be used for a KUB abdomen image?
14”x17” (35x43cm)
The capitate is also known as what?
Os magnum
The CR for an AP projection of the shoulder?
1” inferior to the coracoid process
What date where x-rays discovered?
November 8, 1895
What oblique projection of the foot will best demonstrate the cuboid?
medial oblique
What is the position of the femoral condyles when the leg is properly positioned for an AP projection of the knee?
parallel to the IR
Begin with a technique of 120 kVp, 1.6 mAs, with a 12:1 grid. What technique would you need if you switched to an 8:1 grid?
120 kVp, 1.28 mAs
Protons are located where?
in the nucleus
When examining a hand, would you want a fast or slow screen?
slow
What is a recumbant position with a body plane tilted so the feet are lower than the head?
Fowler
What all must be included on a supine KUB?
pubic symphysis, kidneys, ureters, bladder
The distal end of the metacarpals is called what?
the head
How many degrees of flexion are required for a lateral projection of the elbow?
90°
The 1st radiographic patient had an image done on which body part?
wrist (Colles’ fracture) or hand (Roentgen’s wife)
When performing an AP oblique projection of the foot, the plantar surface of the foot should form a ____° angle with the IR?
30°
What is the CR angle for the axial plantodorsal projection of the os calcis?
40°
Which grid has the highest lead content?
16:1
Begin with a technique of 80 kVp, 50 mAs, 200 screen speed. What would be the new technique if a 400 screen speed was used?
80 kVp, 25 mAs
What is the formula for work?
W=fd (Work=force x distance)
Are lead markers considered an artifact?
no
What is the CR for a supine abdomen?
at level of iliac crests, on MSP
The head of each phalanx is what portion?
distal portion
The coranoid fossa is located on which surface of the humerus?
anterior surface
T/F. Early radiographers realized the dangers of radiation?
False
What is the CR for an AP projection of the knee?
1/2” below the patellar apex
For an AP oblique projection of the knee, how many degrees should the knee be rotated?
45°
What is the purpose of using a grid?
to clean up scatter
What is the factor for a 200 screen speed?
1
What is the standard unit of mass?
kg (kilograms)
24 x 30 cm film is what size in inches?
10 x 12
Free air within the abdomen is best demonstrated on what view?
upright abdomen
What is the largest carpal bone?
capitate (os magnum)
Which AP projection of the shoulder will best demonstrate the lesser tubercle?
internal rotation
Who found a way to measure the intensity of radiation, and now their last name is used as a basic unit of measurement?
Pierre and Marie Curie
Which tarsal bone lies directly anterior to the talus?
navicular
Which 2 large processes are located at the proximal end of the femur?
trochanters
What is the purpose of the reflective layer?
to reflect light back onto the film
A grid used in the radiography department has a strip height of 1800, a grid strip thickness of 50, and an interspace of 300, what is the grid ratio?
6:1 (1800:300 = 6:1)
What are the 2 main components of the x-ray film emulsion?
silver halide crystals & gelatin
72” is how many cm?
183
In an upright abdomen, it is most important to include ____ ?
the diaphragm
What is the joint located most distal to the elbow?
DIP (distal interphalangeal joint)
The capitulum of the humerus articulates with what bone?
radius
Who discovered x-rays?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
The proximal end of the tibia contains 2 prominent process. What are they?
condyles
For an AP projection of the femur, what must be done to place it in true anatomic position?
rotate the feet medially 10°-15°
List the layers of the screen, in order.
base, phosphor, reflective layer, protective layerorprotective layer, reflective layer, phosphor, base
What is the latent image?
the invisible image captured but not yet processed
Which plane divides the body in equal anterior and posterior halves?
MCP (midcoronal plane)
What is the CR for an upright abdomen?
2” above the iliac crests on the MSP
How many carpal bones in each wrist?
8
On the humerus there are 2 fossa. Which one is posterior?
olecranon fossa
What year were x-rays discovered?
1895
Which bone in the lower extremity does not bear any weight?
fibula
For an AP projection of a femur on a typical adult, what must you do to ensure both joints are demonstrated?
make 2 images (proximal & distal)
What is the purpose of the base in a screen?
support & provide structure
In a radiographic grid, is the interspace material radiopaque or radiolucent?
radiolucent
What 2 layers of film do the adhesive layer hold together?
emulsion & base
What is the mAs if your technique is 76 kVp, 600ma, 1/5 of a second?
120 mAs
Which body plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?
MSP (midsagittal plane)
On the lateral chest x-ray, which is more anterior, the trachea or the esophagus?
trachea
What is the 1st bone located on the proximal row of the lateral side of the wrist?
scaphoid
How much rotation is required for an AP oblique of the elbow?
45°
T/F. The male pelvis is wider and shallower?
False
T/F. The most prominent point of the greater trochanter is in the same horizontal plane as the pubic symphysis?
True
What does Window Level control?
brightness
What does the term “projection” mean?
the path of the x-rays
How is a focused grid made?
strips and interspace material are angled as the x-ray beam goes out
Is milliampers (mA) the quality or quantity of the electrons in the x-ray beam?
quantity
What is the date your film badge is due back to the college each month?
18th of the month
On a PA Chest, how many posterior ribs should be seen above the diaphragm?
10
The elbow joint is what type of joint?
hinge
When positioning for a lateral humerus, the epicondyles should be ____ to the IR?
perpendicular
On an AP projection of the femur, where would the lesser trochanter be seen?
on the medial side of the femur
Which bone of the pelvis contains the ASIS?
ilium
How is a cross (cross-hatched) grid made?
2 parallel grids placed perpendicular to each other
What is density referred to in digital imaging?
brightness
What is the term “ventral” mean?
anterior
The body habitus that makes up 5% of the population and is characterized by a massive build?
hypersthenic
Your lead markers should be used when?
always
What is the CR for a PA chest?
T7 on MSP
Carpal bones are what type of bones?
short bones
What all must be included on an AP humerus?
shoulder joint & elbow joint
On an AP projection of the femur, what should you see in profile?
greater trochanter
What bones form the pelvis?
sacrum, coccyx, hip bone/os caxae (ilium, ischium, pubic bone)
What are the rows and columns of pixels that form the image?
matrix
What does the term “superficial” mean?
not deep/near the surface
What is grid cut-off?
improper use of a grid resulting in x-rays being cut off
Starting with a technique of 60kVp and 5 mAs, apply the 15% rule to help reduce motion.
69 kVp, 2.5 mAs
The scapula is which type of bone?
flat
Which oblique elbow shows the radial head free from superimposition?
lateral oblique
If you cannot see enough posterior ribs in a PA chest image, what would you do to fix it on the repeated image?
have the patient take in a deeper breath and hold it
When doing a lateral projection of the great toe, which side should the patient be placed?
unaffected side
What is the definition of the term “visceral?”
lining of the organs
A large Window Width will result in what type of contrast?
long scale
Find the kinetic energy of a truck that weighs 5,670 kg moving at a velocity of 50 m/s.
KE=7,087,500 J
If you increase grid ratio, what happens to patient dose?
patient dose increases
The thicker the film’s emulsion, the ___ the speed?
faster
Using the 15% rule, increasing the kVp can be used to help control what?
patient dose & motion
What is the articulation located at the distal end of the clavicle?
AC (acromioclavicular) joint
What is the CR for a PA wrist?
midcarpal area
What is the hilum?
opening where the bronchi enter the lungs
Why would you want to angle on an AP projection of the toes?
to open up the joint spaces
Define inertia?
a body at rest will stay at rest, and a body in motion will stay in motion (at a constant speed & direction) unless acted upon by an outside force
Contrast is referred to as _____ in digital imaging?
greyscale
Explain how to place a patient in RPO position.
patient will be facing away from the IR, with the back of the right shoulder touching the IR
Which grid would require the highest technique out of the following - 6:1, 10:1, 12:1 ?
12:1
T/F. Film is manufactured with contrast already built into it?
true
Define density.
overall blackness on a film
List everything contained in the mediastinum.
Greater vesselsHeartEsophagusTracheaThymus
The shoulder joint is what type of joint?
ball and socket
How much should you angle the tube on an AP projection of the toes?
15° according to Merrill’s (need to ask Amber bc she said 10° was answer)
What is another name for the scaphoid?
navicular
Define kinetic energy.
energy in motion
What does Window Width control?
greyscale
What does the term “hyper-extension” mean?
extended too far
What is the radiation that exits the tube through the window called?
primary radiation
Cross over is ____.
undesirable
An increase in kVp will do what to contrast?
decrease contrast
An increase in SID will do what to magnification?
decrease
The hand must be supinated on an AP examination of the forearm to prevent what?
the radius and ulna from being crossed over each other
On which method for lateral projection of the hip is the CR angled 20° cephalic?
Hickey method
Where is the intertrochanteric crest?
posterior side of the femur, between the trochanters
On CR (computed radiography), it is recommended to do how many images per IR?
1
How long does the most commonly used film processor take?
90 seconds (1.5 minutes)
Detail is referred to as ____ in digital imaging?
spatial resolution
A box has a mass of 45 kg, what is it’s weight on Earth?
441 N
The efficiency of a grid at removing scatter radiation is related principally to the ___?
grid frequency
Which of the following is an important and frequently used radiographic positioning reference point? AIIS, ASIS, PIIS, PSIS
ASIS
An increase in SID will do what to patient dose?
decrease
Which forearm bone is on the lateral aspect?
radius
T/F. The highest point of the greater trochanter is in the same transverse plane as the midpoint of the hip joint.
T
How much rotation of the lower limb is required for an AP projection of the pelvis?
15°- 20°
T/F. Film/screen imaging is more sensitive to fog than CR/DR imaging.
F
What is the force of a 150 kg rock rolling down a hill with an acceleration of 20 m/s?
3,000 N
What is in a washer tank?
clean water
Technique is more critical in film/screen or CR/DR?
film/screen
If you increase grid ratio, what happens to contrast?
contrast increases
What is the strongest bone in the human body?
femur
An increase in screen speed will do what to patient dose?
decrease patient dose
Which forearm bone is smallest at the proximal end?
radius
How much rotation of the lower limb is required for an AP projection of the hip?
10°-15°
What is the breathing instruction given to the patient for an AP pelvis?
suspend respiration
Which has a wider latitude, film/screen or CR/DR?
CR/DR
What is the formula for force?
F=m x a (Force = mass x acceleration)
What is the order of the tanks for the automatic processing?
developer, fixer, washer, dryer
Image noise is ___?
bad
If you increase grid ratio, what happens to density?
density decreases
An increase in screen speed will do what to density?
increase density
An increase in mAs will do what to patient dose?
increase patient dose
An increase in field size will do what to density?
increase density (because of increased scatter)
On an AP shoulder x-ray, which rotation better shows the greater tubercle?
external rotation
Name the body habitus considered very frail.
asthenic
A picture element, one cell (in a matrix) of a digital image.
pixel
In CR/DR, window _____ is in the center of window _____?
window level is in the center of window width
How much rotation of the ankle is required to see the ankle mortise joint?
15°-20°
How many electrons can be in the “P” shell?
72
Define power.
the rate of doing work
An increase in mAs will do what to density?
increase density
An increase in grid ratio will do what to patient dose?
increase patient dose
An increase in OID will do what to detail?
decrease detail
What separates the supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa?
spine of scapula
What is a suture?
a joint in the skull
In digital, what can be compared to a screen?
scintillator
What does PSP stand for?
photostimulable phosphor
How much rotation is required for an oblique foot?
30°
What is the formula for potential energy?
PE=mgh (PE= mass x gravity x height)
Define potential energy.
energy to do work by virtue of position
Short scale contrast is high or low contrast?
high
An increase in grid ratio will do what to density?
decrease density
An increase in kVp will do what to patient dose?
decrease patient dose
How far above the humeral head should the upper margin of the IR be placed for an AP projection of the humerus?
1 1/2” inches
What is the midcoronal plane?
a plane that divides the body into equal anterior & posterior halves
On CR/DR, window level controls ____?
brightness
On CR/DR, window width controls _____?
greyscale
How much rotation is required for an oblique ankle?
45°
What is the formula for power?
P=w/t (P= work/time)
What is the charge of an electron?
-1
What is the earliest reference to the term atom?
Greek atom
What type of atom do we still refer to today?
Bohr atom
What is the nucleus of an atom?
The positively charged core in the center of the atom.
What charge do protons have?
+1
What charge do electrons have?
-1
What is the Z number?
Atomic number
What is the A number?
Atomic mass
How many electrons could fit into the M shell?
18
What is an ionized atom?
An atom with an extra or missing electron
What is an isotope?
Atoms that have the same # of protons but different # of neutrons.
What is a radioisotope?
Radioactive atoms having the same # of protons.
Which radioactive decay process is a more violent process & could cause more harm to the body?
alpha decay
What is particulate radiation?
any subatomic particle capable of causing ionization.
What is electromagnetic or non-particulate radiation?
x-rays & gamma rays (photons)
What is matter?
anything that occupies space & has shape
What is mass?
constant quantity of matter within a physical object
Velocity can also be called what?
speed
What are Newton’s 3 laws?
InertiaForceaction/reaction
What is the acceleration of gravity on earth?
9.8 m/s²
What is the acceleration of gravity on the moon?
1.6 m/s²
What is potential energy?
energy to do work by virtue of position.
What is kinetic energy?
energy in motion
What is electromagnetic energy?
the type of energy in an x-ray
List 3 ways heat can be transferred.
conductionconvectionradiation
What is the conversion factor for Celsius to Fahrenheit?
F=9/5C + 32
What is the conversion factor for Fahrenheit to Celsius?
C=5/9(F-32)
Velocity formula
V = d/tVelocity=distance/time
Acceleration formula
A = (Vf-Vo))/tAcceleration=(final velocity-initial velocity)/time
Force formula
F = maForce=mass X acceleration
Weight formula
Wt = mgWeight=mass X gravity
Work formula
W = fdWork=force X distance
Power formula
P=w/tPower=work/time
Kinetic Energy formula
KE=1/2mv²Kinetic Energy=1/2 X mass X velocity²
Potential Energy formula
PE=mghPotential Energy=mass X gravity X height
1 kg = ? lbs
2.2
1 inch = ? cm
2.54
1 yd = ? meters
0.9144
Define velocity.
measure of how fast something is moving
Define acceleration.
rate of velocity change with time
Define force.
force acted on an object with acceleration
Define weight
a force on the body caused by the downward pull of gravity on it
Define work.
the force applied, multiplied by distance over which it is applied
Define power.
rate of doing work
Define kinetic energy.
energy in motion
Define potential energy.
energy to do work by virtue of position
What is the unit of measure for velocity?
m/smeters per second
What is the unit of measure for acceleration?
m/s²meters per second squared
What is the unit of measure for force?
NNewtons
What is the unit of measure for weight?
NNewtons
What is the unit of measure for work?
JJoule
What is the unit of measure for power?
J/s or WJoules per second or Watts
What is the unit of measure for kinetic energy?
JJoule
What is the unit of measure for potential energy?
JJoule
Explain inertia.
a body will remain at rest or continue to move witha constant velocity in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force
Explain action/reaction.
for every action there is an equal & opposite reaction
1lb = ? Newtons?
4.5N
What is the unit of measure for heat?
Ccalorie
What is the smallest particle of an element?
atom
What is the smallest portion of a compound?
molecule
What is any material that has a definite constant composition?
element
What is a measurable quantity of one type of molecule?
compound
What does the atomic number (Z) of an atom denote?
total number of protons
What does the atomic mass (A) of an atom denote?
total number of protons & neutrons
Formula for electron limit per shell.
2n²2 X shell number²
What is the 1st shell called?
K
How many electrons can the outer shell of an atom hold?
8 maximum (no matter which shell it is)
What is the Principle Quantum Number?
the shell number
Define valence.
number of electrons in the outermost shell
Valence represents the capacity of an atom to do what?
bond
What is density?
The overall blackness on a radiographic film.
Radiolucent
X-rays penetrate the body.
Radiopaque
X-rays are absorbed by the body.
What is the major controlling factor for density?
mAs.
What are 2 ways to double density?
Increase kVp by 15% or Double mAs.
What is the 15% rule?
Increase kVp by 15%, decrease mAs by 1/2 = same density decrease kVp by 15%, double mAs + same density
If you increase mAs, what happens to density and why?
Increase mAs = increased density because more photons are reaching IR.
When you increase screen speed, what happens to density and why?
Increased screen speed = increased density because more light is hitting the film.
When you increase the grid ratio, what happens to density and why?
Increased grid ratio = less density because the grid os removing some of the photons.
When you increase kVp, what happens to density and why?
increase kVp + increased density because more x-rays are reaching IR (more penetration)
What is contrast?
Contrast is the difference in adjacent densities on a radioraphic film.
What is the major controlling factor for contrast?
kVp.
What are 2 types of contrast?
Long scale (low contrast)short scale (high contrast)
Explain short scale contrast.
Short scale = high contrast, more B&W used with extremities used with low kVp (below 70)
Explain long scale contrast.
Long scale = low contrast lots of grays use higher kVp’s (above 70) used with chest and abdomen.
When you increase kVp, what happens to contrast and why?
Increased kVp = less contrast because of increased scatter.
When you increase grid ratio, what happens to contrast and why?
Increased grid ratio = more contrast because scatter is reduced.
What is brightness?
Measurement of luminance of a monitor calibrated in units of candela per square meteroverall lightness of an image.
What controls brightness?
Window level.
When you increase window level, what happens to brightness?
Brightness is decreased.
We think of mAs as ____ in CR/DR?
Data.
What is grayscale?
The difference in densities on digital image.
What happens to brightness when mAs or kVp are increased?
Nothing.
What controls grayscale?
Window width.
The smaller the window width the ____ the grayscale?
Shorter scale or higher contrast.
We think of kVp as ____ in CR/DR?
Penetration.
What happens to grayscale when kVp is increased?
Nothing.
What is detail?
Sharpness.
What is the major controlling factor for detail?
Focal spot size.
Will a larger focal spot size produce better or worse detail?
Worse.
If motion is increased, what happens to detail/
Detail decreases.
If OID is increased, what happens to detail and why?
OID increase = detail decrease because of magnification.
If SID is increased, what happens to detail and why?
SID increase = more detail because of decreased magnification.
If screen speed is increased, what happens to detail and why?
Increased screen speed = less detail because larger phosphors give less detail.
What is distortion?
Misrepresentation of true size or shape.
What are 2 types of distortion?
Size and shape.
Size distortion is called what?
Magnification.
What causes magnification?
Excessive OID or not enough SID.
What causes elongation?
Angle of tube or IR.
What causes foreshortening?
Angle of part (patient positioning)
What does ALARA stand for?
As Low As Resonably Achievable.
If a student needs to retake an image, who has to be with them?
The radiation technologist.
what are the 3 cardinal principles to protect yourself from radiation?
Time, distance, and shielding.
If you increase shielding, what happens to patient dose?
It decreases.
If you increase screen speed, what happens to patient dose?
It decreases.
If you increase grid ratio, what happens to patient dose and why?
Increased patient dose due to increase of technique required to image properly (because grid absorbs scatter)
When you increase kVp, what happens to patient dose and why?
Decrease patient dose because less mAs is required.
If you increase mAs, what happens to patient dose and why?
Increased patient dose because more photons are entering them.
If you increase body habitus,what happens to patient dose and why?
Increased patient dose because more photons are needed to properly expose image and penetrate part.
Define density.
overall blackness on a radiographic film
Describe an overexposed film.
one that contains too much density
Describe an underexposed film.
one that doesn’t contain enough density
Define radiolucent.
objects that allow x-rays to penetrate them (show up black on an image)
Define radiopaque.
objects that absorb x-rays (show up white on an image).
Major controlling factor of density
mAs (increase mAs, increase density)
Define contrast.
difference in adjacent densities on a readiographic film (how many shades of gray)
What is high contrast used for?
bone work
What is low contrast used for?
abdomen/chest exams
Is high contrast short or long scale?
short scale
Is low contrast short or long scale?
long scale
What is the major controlling factor for contrast?
kVp
What does kVp stand for?
kilovolts peak
What does mAs stand for?
milliamperes seconds
What does mAs represent (film)?
the number of x-rays coming from the tube
What does kVp represent?
penetration power of x-ray beam
Define brightness.
measurement of the luminance of a monitor calibrated in units of candela (cd) per sq meter
What is the major controlling factor for brightness?
Window Level (WL)
We think of mAs as what in CR/DR (not film)?
Data
Define grayscale.
the difference of the densities on the digital image (same as contrast)
What is the major controlling factor of grayscale?
Window Width (WW)
Is high contrast (short scale) on CR/DR a smaller WW or larger WW?
smaller
Is low contrast (long scale) on CR/DR a smaller WW or larger WW?
larger
Define recorded detail.
Sharpness/Definition/Image Resolution
What is the major controlling factor of recorded detail?
FSS (Focal Spot Size)
With a large focal spot do you get more or less detail?
less
Define distortion.
misrepresentation of true size/shape
Name 2 types of distortion.
Size and Shape distortion
Define size distortion.
magnification
Define shape distortion.
misrepresentation of true shape of an object
Name 2 types of shape distortion.
Elongation and Foreshortening
What causes elongation?
angle of tube or IR
What causes foreshortening?
angle of part
What is the major controlling factor of distortion?
Patient Positioning
What image ID info must be on image?
Patient name/ID #DateInstitutionR or L marker
SID stands for?
Source to IR Distance
OID stands for?
Object to IR Distance
Define Umbra.
Sharpness
Define penumbra
Unsharpness
mAs is the product of what?
x-ray tube current (mA) and time (seconds)
If you double your mAs, what is also doubled?
density
Double density can be achieved by?
doubling mAsincreasing kVp by 15%
With CR/DR we think of kVp as what?
penetration
What is the major controlling factor of involuntary motion?
exposure time (use as short as possible)
What is the primary controlling factor of voluntary motion?
giving clear instructions
Define spatial resolution.
ability to image small objects that have high subject contrast (same as detail)
What is the primary controlling factor of spatial resolution?
pixel or sampling pitch
Define image noise.
deterioration of image by unwanted interference in x-ray signal detection
What are the 3 cardinal principles of radiation protection?
timedistanceshielding
What is the retroperitoneum?
space behind peritoneum (where kidneys and pancreas lie)
What is the largest gland in the body?
the liver
What does liver produce?
bile
What does gallbladder do?
store and concentrate bile
What grayscale is desired for an abdomen?
moderate
When is exposure taken for an abdomen?
at the end of expiration
What does KUB stand for?
kidneys, ureter, bladder
*What projection is used in lieu of an AP upright abdomen if the patient cannot stand?
left lateral decubitus
Where is the IR centered for a supine AP abdomen?
IR is centered to iliac crests
Where is the location of CR on supine AP abdomen?
enters pt on MSP @ level of iliac crests
Where is the IR centered on an AP upright abdomen?
IR centered 2” above iliac crests normallyIR centered on iliac crest if bladder is to be included
Where is location of CR on AP upright abdomen?
enters pt on MSP 2” above iliac crest normallyenters pt on MSP at iliac crest if bladder is to be included
What must be included on an AP supine abdomen?
pubic symphysis
What must be included on AP upright abdomen?
diaphragm (to demonstrate free air)
*Where is the marker placed on a lateral decubitus image?
on the side the patient is not laying on (R side if lying on L side)
Where is the CR on a lateral decubitus abdomen?
enters on MSP at level of iliac crestsenters on MSP 2” above iliac crests if diaphragm is to be included
Where is CR on lateral abdomen?
enters on MCP at level of iliac crestsenters on MCP 2” above iliac crests if diaphragm is to be included
Where is CR on dorsal decubitus abdomen?
enters MCP 2” above iliac crests
