XRAY 110 & lab Flashcards
In what body habitus is the gallbladder most inferior?
asthenic
The lordotic position is used for visualizing what?
lung apices
What are the breathing instructions for an abdomen?
expiration
If you are doing a lateral of the 5th digit, you’d rest the hand on which side?
medial side
What view of the elbow shows the radial head free from superimposition?
lateral oblique
The 1st radiographic grid was made in what year?
1913
What is the most commonly performed oblique of the foot?
medial oblique
If you increase screen speed, what does it do to contrast?
increases contrast
Which bone is directly superior to the calcaneus?
talus
What provides the location for the formation of the latent image?
sensitivity speck
T/F. There is a definite divider between the abdominal cavity & the pelvic cavity.
False
Which lung is shorter?
right lung
Which quadrant does the liver lie in?
right upper quadrant
What is the CR for a PA Oblique hand?
3rd MCP (metacarpal phalangeal)
For a lateral elbow projection, the humeral epicondyles should be ________ to the IR?
perpendicular
Which portion of the patella is the apex?
the bottom part
What is the CR for an AP projection of the foot?
base of the 3rd metatarsal
What type of grid is used for a moving grid?
focused grid
If you increase screen speed, what happens to density?
density is increased (because more photons hit IR)
Which layer of the film is the thickest?
the base
What body habitus describes 50% of the population?
sthenic
What is the recommended SID for a PA chest projection?
72” (183cm)
What does the “U” stand for in KUB?
ureters
What is the CR for digits 2-5 (for one of them, not all)?
PIP (proximal interphalangeal joint)
What is the central ray for an AP projection of the forearm?
midpoint of the forearm
How many tarsals are there in 1 foot?
7
The lateral malleolus is on what bone?
fibula
What was the first type of grid made?
cross or crosshatched
The thickest layer of the radiographic intensifying screen?
base
What type of film is commonly used today?
screen film
What portion of the skeleton supports the head & trunk?
axial skeleton
What size cassette should be used for a KUB abdomen image?
14”x17” (35x43cm)
The capitate is also known as what?
Os magnum
The CR for an AP projection of the shoulder?
1” inferior to the coracoid process
What date where x-rays discovered?
November 8, 1895
What oblique projection of the foot will best demonstrate the cuboid?
medial oblique
What is the position of the femoral condyles when the leg is properly positioned for an AP projection of the knee?
parallel to the IR
Begin with a technique of 120 kVp, 1.6 mAs, with a 12:1 grid. What technique would you need if you switched to an 8:1 grid?
120 kVp, 1.28 mAs
Protons are located where?
in the nucleus
When examining a hand, would you want a fast or slow screen?
slow
What is a recumbant position with a body plane tilted so the feet are lower than the head?
Fowler
What all must be included on a supine KUB?
pubic symphysis, kidneys, ureters, bladder
The distal end of the metacarpals is called what?
the head
How many degrees of flexion are required for a lateral projection of the elbow?
90°
The 1st radiographic patient had an image done on which body part?
wrist (Colles’ fracture) or hand (Roentgen’s wife)
When performing an AP oblique projection of the foot, the plantar surface of the foot should form a ____° angle with the IR?
30°
What is the CR angle for the axial plantodorsal projection of the os calcis?
40°
Which grid has the highest lead content?
16:1
Begin with a technique of 80 kVp, 50 mAs, 200 screen speed. What would be the new technique if a 400 screen speed was used?
80 kVp, 25 mAs
What is the formula for work?
W=fd (Work=force x distance)
Are lead markers considered an artifact?
no
What is the CR for a supine abdomen?
at level of iliac crests, on MSP
The head of each phalanx is what portion?
distal portion
The coranoid fossa is located on which surface of the humerus?
anterior surface
T/F. Early radiographers realized the dangers of radiation?
False
What is the CR for an AP projection of the knee?
1/2” below the patellar apex
For an AP oblique projection of the knee, how many degrees should the knee be rotated?
45°
What is the purpose of using a grid?
to clean up scatter
What is the factor for a 200 screen speed?
1
What is the standard unit of mass?
kg (kilograms)
24 x 30 cm film is what size in inches?
10 x 12
Free air within the abdomen is best demonstrated on what view?
upright abdomen
What is the largest carpal bone?
capitate (os magnum)
Which AP projection of the shoulder will best demonstrate the lesser tubercle?
internal rotation
Who found a way to measure the intensity of radiation, and now their last name is used as a basic unit of measurement?
Pierre and Marie Curie
Which tarsal bone lies directly anterior to the talus?
navicular
Which 2 large processes are located at the proximal end of the femur?
trochanters
What is the purpose of the reflective layer?
to reflect light back onto the film
A grid used in the radiography department has a strip height of 1800, a grid strip thickness of 50, and an interspace of 300, what is the grid ratio?
6:1 (1800:300 = 6:1)
What are the 2 main components of the x-ray film emulsion?
silver halide crystals & gelatin
72” is how many cm?
183
In an upright abdomen, it is most important to include ____ ?
the diaphragm
What is the joint located most distal to the elbow?
DIP (distal interphalangeal joint)
The capitulum of the humerus articulates with what bone?
radius
Who discovered x-rays?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
The proximal end of the tibia contains 2 prominent process. What are they?
condyles
For an AP projection of the femur, what must be done to place it in true anatomic position?
rotate the feet medially 10°-15°
List the layers of the screen, in order.
base, phosphor, reflective layer, protective layerorprotective layer, reflective layer, phosphor, base
What is the latent image?
the invisible image captured but not yet processed
Which plane divides the body in equal anterior and posterior halves?
MCP (midcoronal plane)
What is the CR for an upright abdomen?
2” above the iliac crests on the MSP
How many carpal bones in each wrist?
8
On the humerus there are 2 fossa. Which one is posterior?
olecranon fossa
What year were x-rays discovered?
1895
Which bone in the lower extremity does not bear any weight?
fibula
For an AP projection of a femur on a typical adult, what must you do to ensure both joints are demonstrated?
make 2 images (proximal & distal)
What is the purpose of the base in a screen?
support & provide structure
In a radiographic grid, is the interspace material radiopaque or radiolucent?
radiolucent
What 2 layers of film do the adhesive layer hold together?
emulsion & base
What is the mAs if your technique is 76 kVp, 600ma, 1/5 of a second?
120 mAs
Which body plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?
MSP (midsagittal plane)
On the lateral chest x-ray, which is more anterior, the trachea or the esophagus?
trachea
What is the 1st bone located on the proximal row of the lateral side of the wrist?
scaphoid
How much rotation is required for an AP oblique of the elbow?
45°
T/F. The male pelvis is wider and shallower?
False
T/F. The most prominent point of the greater trochanter is in the same horizontal plane as the pubic symphysis?
True
What does Window Level control?
brightness
What does the term “projection” mean?
the path of the x-rays
How is a focused grid made?
strips and interspace material are angled as the x-ray beam goes out
Is milliampers (mA) the quality or quantity of the electrons in the x-ray beam?
quantity
What is the date your film badge is due back to the college each month?
18th of the month
On a PA Chest, how many posterior ribs should be seen above the diaphragm?
10
The elbow joint is what type of joint?
hinge
When positioning for a lateral humerus, the epicondyles should be ____ to the IR?
perpendicular
On an AP projection of the femur, where would the lesser trochanter be seen?
on the medial side of the femur
Which bone of the pelvis contains the ASIS?
ilium
How is a cross (cross-hatched) grid made?
2 parallel grids placed perpendicular to each other
What is density referred to in digital imaging?
brightness
What is the term “ventral” mean?
anterior
The body habitus that makes up 5% of the population and is characterized by a massive build?
hypersthenic
Your lead markers should be used when?
always
What is the CR for a PA chest?
T7 on MSP
Carpal bones are what type of bones?
short bones
What all must be included on an AP humerus?
shoulder joint & elbow joint
On an AP projection of the femur, what should you see in profile?
greater trochanter
What bones form the pelvis?
sacrum, coccyx, hip bone/os caxae (ilium, ischium, pubic bone)
What are the rows and columns of pixels that form the image?
matrix
What does the term “superficial” mean?
not deep/near the surface
What is grid cut-off?
improper use of a grid resulting in x-rays being cut off
Starting with a technique of 60kVp and 5 mAs, apply the 15% rule to help reduce motion.
69 kVp, 2.5 mAs
The scapula is which type of bone?
flat
Which oblique elbow shows the radial head free from superimposition?
lateral oblique
If you cannot see enough posterior ribs in a PA chest image, what would you do to fix it on the repeated image?
have the patient take in a deeper breath and hold it
When doing a lateral projection of the great toe, which side should the patient be placed?
unaffected side
What is the definition of the term “visceral?”
lining of the organs
A large Window Width will result in what type of contrast?
long scale
Find the kinetic energy of a truck that weighs 5,670 kg moving at a velocity of 50 m/s.
KE=7,087,500 J
If you increase grid ratio, what happens to patient dose?
patient dose increases
The thicker the film’s emulsion, the ___ the speed?
faster
Using the 15% rule, increasing the kVp can be used to help control what?
patient dose & motion
What is the articulation located at the distal end of the clavicle?
AC (acromioclavicular) joint
What is the CR for a PA wrist?
midcarpal area
What is the hilum?
opening where the bronchi enter the lungs
Why would you want to angle on an AP projection of the toes?
to open up the joint spaces
Define inertia?
a body at rest will stay at rest, and a body in motion will stay in motion (at a constant speed & direction) unless acted upon by an outside force
Contrast is referred to as _____ in digital imaging?
greyscale
Explain how to place a patient in RPO position.
patient will be facing away from the IR, with the back of the right shoulder touching the IR
Which grid would require the highest technique out of the following - 6:1, 10:1, 12:1 ?
12:1
T/F. Film is manufactured with contrast already built into it?
true
Define density.
overall blackness on a film
List everything contained in the mediastinum.
Greater vesselsHeartEsophagusTracheaThymus
The shoulder joint is what type of joint?
ball and socket
How much should you angle the tube on an AP projection of the toes?
15° according to Merrill’s (need to ask Amber bc she said 10° was answer)
What is another name for the scaphoid?
navicular
Define kinetic energy.
energy in motion
What does Window Width control?
greyscale
What does the term “hyper-extension” mean?
extended too far
What is the radiation that exits the tube through the window called?
primary radiation
Cross over is ____.
undesirable
An increase in kVp will do what to contrast?
decrease contrast
An increase in SID will do what to magnification?
decrease
The hand must be supinated on an AP examination of the forearm to prevent what?
the radius and ulna from being crossed over each other
On which method for lateral projection of the hip is the CR angled 20° cephalic?
Hickey method
Where is the intertrochanteric crest?
posterior side of the femur, between the trochanters
On CR (computed radiography), it is recommended to do how many images per IR?
1
How long does the most commonly used film processor take?
90 seconds (1.5 minutes)
Detail is referred to as ____ in digital imaging?
spatial resolution
