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A&P I > XIV. Senses > Flashcards

XIV. Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between sensation and perception

A
  • sensation: awareness of changes in environment (internal or external); part of being responsive
  • perception: how we interpret sensory changes we are experiencing
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2
Q

Define sensory modality and explain how the different sensory modalities are grouped into:
general senses and special senses
somatic senses and visceral senses

A

-sensory modality: unique type of sensation; every sensory neuron is linked to a specific modality (ex. thermoreceptors to heat)

  • general senses are somatic (tactile, thermal, pain (mostly skin), proprioreceptors) or visceral (deeper in organs; detect things like pressure change in airways)
  • special senses are ones you’re more conscious of (taste, smell, hearing, vision, equillibrium)
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3
Q

Describe 4 steps involved in the process of sensation, including role of stimulus, selectivity, and transduction

A
  1. need stimulus to stimulate receptor
  2. transduction of stimulus (graded potential) relays stimulus
  3. graded potential needs to pass threshold to generate nerve impulses (action potential)
  4. integration of input- action potential is sent to area of CNS that can integrate that info (spinal cord or cranial)
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4
Q

Explain how sensory receptors are classified based on their microscopic structure: free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, and separate cells

A
  • free nerve endings: bare dendrites, very sensitive (ex. thermo receptors)
  • encapsulated: connective tissue capsule around dendrite, not as sensitive (ex. corpuscles in skin to detect pressure)
  • separate cells: cell that creates synapse with sensory neuron and then sensory neuron sends signal back
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5
Q

Distinguish the two different kinds of graded potentials produced in sensor receptors and how they relate to structure-
receptor potential
genorator potential

A
  • receptor potential: separate cell that releases neurotransmitters that produce post synaptic potential in adjacent neuron that is the 1st order neuron (ex. taste buds detect chemical stimuli, build up graded potential, stimulates second cell that sends action potential)
  • generator potential: generates action potential; cell itself is 1st order neuron that delivers message; free and encapsulated nerve endings, olfactory receptors
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6
Q

Explain how sensory receptors are classified based on location of receptors:
exteroceptors
interoceptors
proprioreceptors

A
  • exteroceptors: at or near surface of body (ex skin)
  • interoceptors: within organs (blood vessels, viscera, nervous system
  • proprioreceptors: give info about motion and balance to help us stay upright (in limbs and muscles)
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7
Q

Explain how sensory receptors are classified according to the type of stimulus they detect: mechanoreceptors, ect.

A

mechanoreceptors: detect force
thermoreceptors: heat
nociceptors: pain
photoreceptors: light
chemoreceptors: different chemicals (ex. oxygen)
osmoreceptors: differences in osmotic pressure

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8
Q

Explain adaptation in sensory receptors and give examples

A
  • with maintained stimulus, cells deliver potentials less often, leading us to be less perceptive and sensitive to what is happening
  • ex. consistent sound, after a while we become used to it/ not aware of it (fan on in room)
  • ex. putting clothes on, aware of sensation of clothes when we put them on but not through the day unless attention is brought to it
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9
Q

Trace the pathway that sensory impulses follow as they travel from somatic sensory receptors to cerebral cortex

A
  • 1st order neurons: receptors to brainstem or spinal cord
  • to 2nd order neurons: takes from brain stem/ spinal cord through sensory tracts to thalamus
  • to 3rd order neurons: take from thalamus to appropriate area of cerebral cortex

-ex. somatic senses = receptors in skin -> spinal cord -> brain stem -> thalamus -> parietal lobe

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10
Q

Define olfaction and briefly describe location, structure, and function of olfactory receptors

A
  • sense of smell
  • odorants stimulate olfactory receptors (hairs) in nasal passage as you breath in air -> hairs connected to dendrite -> if stimulation is strong enough, generates an action potential -> signal sent along olfactory tract to brain
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11
Q

Define gustation and briefly describe location, structure, and function of taste bud receptors

A
  • sense of taste
  • different taste buds along tongue and oral cavity that have receptors -> if signal is strong enough to stimulate those receptors it sends signal to next cell (1st order neuron) -> 1st order neuron sends signal to brain along gustatory pathway (3 nerves) -> medulla oblongata -> diencephalon (thalamus) -> cerebrum (interprets taste)
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12
Q

Identify the three tunics that make up the wall of the eyeball:
fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
retina

A
  • fibrous tunic: cornea and sclera
  • vascular tunic: choroid, ciliary body, and iris
  • retina
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13
Q

Identify and describe three processes important to the formation of a clear image on the retina of the eye:

  • refraction
  • accommodation
  • constriction of pupil
A
  • refraction
  • accommodation
  • constriction of pupil
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14
Q

Sclera

A
  • external tunic

- white of eye

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15
Q

Choroid

A
  • middle tunic; next level in from sclera

- has cells for relaying info in visual pathway

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16
Q

Retina

A
  • most interior tunic
  • photoreceptors; where we direct and focus light rays
  • first cells to generate visual pathway
17
Q

Cornea

A
  • front of eye; hard part on outside

- first place to bend light; curved to help focus light

18
Q

Anterior chamber and aqueous humor

A
  • anterior chamber holds aqueous humor (watery substance)

- where light is bent/ distorted

19
Q

Iris

A
  • smooth muscle
  • functions involuntarily in pupillary reflex (directly and indirectly)
  • controls light coming into focus
20
Q

Lens

A

-changes shape bc of fibers on ouside; when muscles contract cilliary body, there are fibers attached to both sides of lens that pull lens flatter; when muscles relax becomes more curved

21
Q

Vitreous chamber

A
  • behind lens
  • has vitreous body (gelatenous)
  • light has to pass through to get to retina
22
Q

Optic nerve

A

-light goes through all of eye to get to optic nerve that sends the signal to the occipital lobe to be integrated

23
Q

Optic disk

A

-blind spot bc no photoreceptors where optic nerve attaches

24
Q

Myopia

A
  • nearsightedness (can’t see far objects)

- eye is longer than it should be so retina is further back

25
Q

Hyperopia

A
  • farsightedness (can’t see close objects)

- eye is shorter than normal and focal point closer

26
Q

Astigmatism

A

-abnormal curvature of front of eye so light does not focus back properly

27
Q

Explain the benefit of binocular vision and describe how convergence contributes to binocular vision

A
  • depth perception; eyes can rotate inwards to see something close and straighten to see something far
  • convergence= near point of vision; can cross eyes as much as you want but still can’t focus further bc lens cant do anymore
28
Q

Distinguish between rods and cones structurally and functionally

A
  • structural difference in outer segment; rod is long and slender, cone is triangular
  • functional differences: rod has one opsin (rhodopsin) and are used in low light conditions; cone has three opsins and take in more light giving color range and can regenerate quicker (adjusts quicker vs rods in dark)
29
Q

Define photopigment and explain significance of rhodopsin and cone photopigments. Include role of opsin, retinal, and vitamin A

A

-

30
Q

Define photopigment and explain significance of rhodopsin and cone photopigments. Include role of opsin, retinal, and vitamin A

A
  • photopigment are integral proteins
  • opsin absorbs specific wave lengths of light (rods have one, so light absorbed is limited, cones have three so more light)
  • vitamin A builds retinal
  • opsin is connected to retinal
  • retinal and opsin are combined, when photons of light hit, opsin changes shape and they disengage (signals transduction- generates signals inside cell that trigger changes that lead to signal being sent back through photoreceptors)
31
Q

Distinguish between light adaptation and dark adaptation

A
  • in darkness glutamate is released
  • sodium channels in cell are open -> sodium comes in -> causes cell to release glutamate
  • na+ channels open -> inflow of na+ (dark current) ->membrane potential of -30mv -> glutamate released at synaptic terminals that inhibit bipolar cell (turns on next one)
  • sensitivity increases with decreased light; rhodopsin regenerates slowly, making cones take longer to regenerate (ex. turn off light eyes take longer to adjust)
  • in light when retinal is changed, leads to signlad transduction that closes na+ channels, leading to receptor potential that turns off glutamate which excites next bipolar cell, sending signal to brain (turning off cell A stimulates cell B)
  • sensitivity decreases to increased light (in light conditions adjustment is rapid; ex. eyes adjusting to turning on light)

A&P I (7 decks)

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