1. Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards
Demonstrate the correct usage of basic anatomical terminology and describe how the body uses feedback systems to maintain homeostasis.
gross anatomy
structures we can see with naked eye
regional anatomy
parts found in specific area of body (ex. thoracic region)
systemic anatomy
all parts related to individual system (ex. nervous system)
cranial (cephalic) and caudal
cranial (cephalic): toward the head or superior end; the brain develops from the cephalic end of the neural tube
caudal: toward the tail or inferior end; spinal cord is caudal to the brain
medial and lateral
medial: toward the median plane; the heart is median to the lungs
lateral: away from the median plane; the eyes are lateral to the nose
proximal and distal
(with limbs)
proximal: closer to the point of attachment or origin; the elbow is proximal to the wrist
distal: farther from the point of attachment or origin; the fingernails are at distal ends of fingers
ipsilateral and contralateral
ipsilateral: on same side of the body (right or left); the liver is ipsilateral to the appendix
contralateral: on the opposite sides of the body (right and left); the spleen is contralateral to the liver
central and peripheral
central:
peripheral:
superficial and deep
superficial: closer to the body surface; the skin is superficial to the muscles
deep: farther from the body surface; bones are deep to the muscles
visceral and parietal
visceral: right on surface of organ
parietal: more removed, often attached to surrounding structures or body wall
visceral and parietal
visceral: right on the surface of organ
parietal: more removed, often attached to surrounding structures or body wall
afferent and efferent
afferent: moving towards an area
efferent: moving away from an area
describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: chemicals
-atoms –> molecules/ macromolecules –> cells
describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: cells
- smallest units of an organism that carry out all basic functions of life; nothing smaller than a cell is considered alive
- ex. blood cells
describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: tissues and 4 primary classes of tissues
- group of similar cells performing specific functions
- 4 primary classes: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: organs
- grouping of 2+ tissue types in a very specific structural orientation that allow them to form the function of that organ
- ex. stomach
describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: organ systems
- grouping of organs with similar or related functions
- 11 organ systems: integumentary (skin), skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, digestive, reproductive, lymphatic, urinary
describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: organism
- single, complete individual
- all systems working in conjunction with each other to make us function
describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: organ systems
- grouping of organs with similar or related functions
- 11 organ systems: integumentary (skin), skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, digestive, reproductive, lymphatic, urinary
urinary system- function and major organs
- elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base detoxification
- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
integumentary system- function and major organs
- protection, water retention, thermoregulation
- skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands
skeletal system- function and major organs
- support movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid- base balance
- bones, cartilages, ligaments
muscular system- function and major organs
- movement, stability, communications, control of body openings, heat production
- skeletal muscles
nervous system- function and major organs
- rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, sensation
- brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
circulator system- function and major organs
- distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte and acid-pH balance
- heart blood vessels
respiratory system- function and major organs
- absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech
- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
endocrine system- function and major organs
- hormone production, internal chemical communication, and coordination
- pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testes
digestive system- function and major organs
- nutrient breakdown and absorption, liver function (metabolism of carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals), synthesis of plasma membranes, disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones, cleansing of blood
- teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
reproductive system- function and major organs
- production of sperm, secretion of sex hormones
- testes, epididymus, prostate, penis
- production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones
- ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
lymphatic system- function and major organs
- recovery of excess fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease
- lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
urinary system- function and major organs
- elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte and acid base detoxification
- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
abdominopelvic quadrants
- right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)
describe the 6 basic life processes characteristic to the human organism
- metabolism: ability to perform chemical reactions
- responsiveness: cells are responsive; ability to sense and react to stimuli (allow to respond to enviro)
- movement: important especially in muscle cells
- growth: calls can grow, allowing us to grow
- differentiation: development of different types of cells
- reproduction: gametes (sperm and egg cells)
