1. Introduction to the Human Body

Question 1

gross anatomy

Answer 1

structures we can see with naked eye

Question 2

regional anatomy

Answer 2

parts found in specific area of body (ex. thoracic region)

Question 3

systemic anatomy

Answer 3

all parts related to individual system (ex. nervous system)

Question 4

cranial (cephalic) and caudal

Answer 4

cranial (cephalic): toward the head or superior end; the brain develops from the cephalic end of the neural tube

caudal: toward the tail or inferior end; spinal cord is caudal to the brain

Question 5

medial and lateral

Answer 5

medial: toward the median plane; the heart is median to the lungs
lateral: away from the median plane; the eyes are lateral to the nose

Question 6

proximal and distal

Answer 6

(with limbs)
proximal: closer to the point of attachment or origin; the elbow is proximal to the wrist

distal: farther from the point of attachment or origin; the fingernails are at distal ends of fingers

Question 7

ipsilateral and contralateral

Answer 7

ipsilateral: on same side of the body (right or left); the liver is ipsilateral to the appendix
contralateral: on the opposite sides of the body (right and left); the spleen is contralateral to the liver

Question 8

central and peripheral

Answer 8

central:

peripheral:

Question 9

superficial and deep

Answer 9

superficial: closer to the body surface; the skin is superficial to the muscles
deep: farther from the body surface; bones are deep to the muscles

Question 10

visceral and parietal

Answer 10

visceral: right on surface of organ
parietal: more removed, often attached to surrounding structures or body wall

Question 11

visceral and parietal

Answer 11

visceral: right on the surface of organ
parietal: more removed, often attached to surrounding structures or body wall

Question 12

afferent and efferent

Answer 12

afferent: moving towards an area
efferent: moving away from an area

Question 13

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: chemicals

Answer 13

-atoms –> molecules/ macromolecules –> cells

Question 14

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: cells

Answer 14

• smallest units of an organism that carry out all basic functions of life; nothing smaller than a cell is considered alive
• ex. blood cells

Question 15

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: tissues and 4 primary classes of tissues

Answer 15

• group of similar cells performing specific functions

- 4 primary classes: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

Question 16

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: organs

Answer 16

• grouping of 2+ tissue types in a very specific structural orientation that allow them to form the function of that organ
• ex. stomach

Question 17

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: organ systems

Answer 17

• grouping of organs with similar or related functions
• 11 organ systems: integumentary (skin), skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, digestive, reproductive, lymphatic, urinary

Question 18

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: organism

Answer 18

• single, complete individual

- all systems working in conjunction with each other to make us function

Question 19

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: organ systems

Answer 19

• grouping of organs with similar or related functions
• 11 organ systems: integumentary (skin), skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, digestive, reproductive, lymphatic, urinary

Question 20

urinary system- function and major organs

Answer 20

• elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base detoxification
• kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 21

integumentary system- function and major organs

Answer 21

• protection, water retention, thermoregulation

- skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands

Question 22

skeletal system- function and major organs

Answer 22

• support movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid- base balance
• bones, cartilages, ligaments

Question 23

muscular system- function and major organs

Answer 23

• movement, stability, communications, control of body openings, heat production
• skeletal muscles

Question 24

nervous system- function and major organs

Answer 24

• rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, sensation
• brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

Question 25

circulator system- function and major organs

Answer 25

- distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte and acid-pH balance - heart blood vessels

Question 26

respiratory system- function and major organs

Answer 26

- absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Question 27

endocrine system- function and major organs

Answer 27

- hormone production, internal chemical communication, and coordination - pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testes

Question 28

digestive system- function and major organs

Answer 28

- nutrient breakdown and absorption, liver function (metabolism of carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals), synthesis of plasma membranes, disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones, cleansing of blood - teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 29

reproductive system- function and major organs

Answer 29

- production of sperm, secretion of sex hormones - testes, epididymus, prostate, penis - production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

Question 30

lymphatic system- function and major organs

Answer 30

- recovery of excess fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease - lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

Question 31

urinary system- function and major organs

Answer 31

- elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte and acid base detoxification - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 32

abdominopelvic quadrants

Answer 32

- right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ) | - right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Question 33

describe the 6 basic life processes characteristic to the human organism

Answer 33

- metabolism: ability to perform chemical reactions - responsiveness: cells are responsive; ability to sense and react to stimuli (allow to respond to enviro) - movement: important especially in muscle cells - growth: calls can grow, allowing us to grow - differentiation: development of different types of cells - reproduction: gametes (sperm and egg cells)