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A&P I > 1. Introduction to the Human Body > Flashcards

1. Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards

Demonstrate the correct usage of basic anatomical terminology and describe how the body uses feedback systems to maintain homeostasis.

1
Q

gross anatomy

A

structures we can see with naked eye

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2
Q

regional anatomy

A

parts found in specific area of body (ex. thoracic region)

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3
Q

systemic anatomy

A

all parts related to individual system (ex. nervous system)

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4
Q

cranial (cephalic) and caudal

A

cranial (cephalic): toward the head or superior end; the brain develops from the cephalic end of the neural tube

caudal: toward the tail or inferior end; spinal cord is caudal to the brain

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5
Q

medial and lateral

A

medial: toward the median plane; the heart is median to the lungs
lateral: away from the median plane; the eyes are lateral to the nose

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6
Q

proximal and distal

A

(with limbs)
proximal: closer to the point of attachment or origin; the elbow is proximal to the wrist

distal: farther from the point of attachment or origin; the fingernails are at distal ends of fingers

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7
Q

ipsilateral and contralateral

A

ipsilateral: on same side of the body (right or left); the liver is ipsilateral to the appendix
contralateral: on the opposite sides of the body (right and left); the spleen is contralateral to the liver

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8
Q

central and peripheral

A

central:

peripheral:

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9
Q

superficial and deep

A

superficial: closer to the body surface; the skin is superficial to the muscles
deep: farther from the body surface; bones are deep to the muscles

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10
Q

visceral and parietal

A

visceral: right on surface of organ
parietal: more removed, often attached to surrounding structures or body wall

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11
Q

visceral and parietal

A

visceral: right on the surface of organ
parietal: more removed, often attached to surrounding structures or body wall

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12
Q

afferent and efferent

A

afferent: moving towards an area
efferent: moving away from an area

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13
Q

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: chemicals

A

-atoms –> molecules/ macromolecules –> cells

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14
Q

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: cells

A
  • smallest units of an organism that carry out all basic functions of life; nothing smaller than a cell is considered alive
  • ex. blood cells
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15
Q

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: tissues and 4 primary classes of tissues

A
  • group of similar cells performing specific functions

- 4 primary classes: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

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16
Q

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: organs

A
  • grouping of 2+ tissue types in a very specific structural orientation that allow them to form the function of that organ
  • ex. stomach
17
Q

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: organ systems

A
  • grouping of organs with similar or related functions
  • 11 organ systems: integumentary (skin), skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, digestive, reproductive, lymphatic, urinary
18
Q

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: organism

A
  • single, complete individual

- all systems working in conjunction with each other to make us function

19
Q

describe levels of of structural organization of the human body: organ systems

A
  • grouping of organs with similar or related functions
  • 11 organ systems: integumentary (skin), skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, digestive, reproductive, lymphatic, urinary
20
Q

urinary system- function and major organs

A
  • elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base detoxification
  • kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
21
Q

integumentary system- function and major organs

A
  • protection, water retention, thermoregulation

- skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands

22
Q

skeletal system- function and major organs

A
  • support movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid- base balance
  • bones, cartilages, ligaments
23
Q

muscular system- function and major organs

A
  • movement, stability, communications, control of body openings, heat production
  • skeletal muscles
24
Q

nervous system- function and major organs

A
  • rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, sensation
  • brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
25
Q

circulator system- function and major organs

A
  • distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte and acid-pH balance
  • heart blood vessels
26
Q

respiratory system- function and major organs

A
  • absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech
  • nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
27
Q

endocrine system- function and major organs

A
  • hormone production, internal chemical communication, and coordination
  • pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testes
28
Q

digestive system- function and major organs

A
  • nutrient breakdown and absorption, liver function (metabolism of carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals), synthesis of plasma membranes, disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones, cleansing of blood
  • teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
29
Q

reproductive system- function and major organs

A
  • production of sperm, secretion of sex hormones
  • testes, epididymus, prostate, penis
  • production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones
  • ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
30
Q

lymphatic system- function and major organs

A
  • recovery of excess fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease
  • lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
31
Q

urinary system- function and major organs

A
  • elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte and acid base detoxification
  • kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
32
Q

abdominopelvic quadrants

A
  • right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ)

- right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

33
Q

describe the 6 basic life processes characteristic to the human organism

A
  • metabolism: ability to perform chemical reactions
  • responsiveness: cells are responsive; ability to sense and react to stimuli (allow to respond to enviro)
  • movement: important especially in muscle cells
  • growth: calls can grow, allowing us to grow
  • differentiation: development of different types of cells
  • reproduction: gametes (sperm and egg cells)

A&P I (7 decks)

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