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A&P I > Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

4 ventricles of the brain

A

paired lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

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2
Q

4 areas of the brain stem

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
reticular formation

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3
Q

major functions of medulla oblongata

A
  • relays info to and from brain
  • cardiovascular center (heart rate, BP)
  • signal cross at pyramidal decussation (signals criss-cross)
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4
Q

major functions of pons

A
  • relay between cerebellar hemispheres

- pneumonic and apneustic area (alter our breathing and protect from altering breathing in ways that can be damaging)

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5
Q

major functions or midbrain

A

-superior colliculi: visual coordination and attention
-inferior colliculi: inner ear relay
(both coordinating sensory signals)

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6
Q

major functions of reticular formation

A
  • reticular activating system (RAS)
  • system that regulates normal sleeping cycles
  • connected pathways that regulate consciousness (sleep/wake cycles), coordinate motor function, cardiovascular control, and others
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7
Q

structures of diencephalon (3)

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
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8
Q

major functions of thalamus

A
  • relay for sensory info (info comes from brain stem and needs to be rerouted to appropriate area
  • nuclei for movement control
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9
Q

major functions of hypothalamus

A
  • controls ANS and pituitary gland (controls a lot of endocrine system and involuntary functions like hear rate, blood pressure, breathing rate)
  • homeostasis, hormone production, body rhythms, and behavioral patterns
  • normal balance and involuntary functioning
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10
Q

major functions of epithalamus

A
  • pineal gland (association with sleep and producing melatonin)
  • generates emotional response to smells
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11
Q

function of the cerebellum

A
  • coordination of movement and posture and balance
  • if movement is incorrect (getting up and stumbling) relays back and would not strengthen pathway, but if movement was correct, it would strengthen pathway for later use
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12
Q

define the following regarding the cerebrum:

cerebral cortex: cerebral hemispheres and corpus callosum

A
  • cerebral cortex = outer grey matter

- corpus callosum connects left and right

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13
Q

describe protective covering of the brain- cranium and cranial meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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14
Q

describe brain blood flow and the blood brain barrier

A

transition from blood to nervous system- blood directly into nervous tissue itself (into neurons) —> those cells are gateway from blood directly to nervous tissue (role of astrocyte - need to pass through to get from one side to other
*straight to neurons

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15
Q 
describe CSF including:
formation
composition
major functions
general pattern of circulation and resorption
blood CSF barrier
A
  • comes from choroid plexuses (blood vessels); ependymal cells extract CSF from blood / CSF barrier, blocking things we don’t want
  • composition similar to blood plasma; glucose, proteins, lactic acid, urea, ions, some WBCs
  • protects from mechanical and chemical damage
  • circulates through ventricles: lateral ventricles -> through interventricular foramen -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> down through spinal cord -> at arachnoid vili CSF is reabsorbed into blood
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16
Q

lobes of cerebrum (5)

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
  • insula
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17
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • primary motor area
  • brocha’s area
  • prefrontal cortex (mood, problem solving, basic personality, intellect, logic)
18
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • primary somatosensory area (ex. receptors in skin)

- gustation (sense of taste)

19
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • primary auditory area

- olfaction (smell)

20
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • primary visual area

- visuals when remembering something

21
Q

insula

A
  • drives and appetites (food, sex drive, normal desires for things and not addictions to things)
  • proper emotions to things
22
Q

cerebral white matter: association tracts

A

-connect points within same hemispheres

23
Q

cerebral white matter: commissural tracts

A
  • go back and forth between hemispheres (between part on right and left sides)
  • corpus callosum goes from right left sides
24
Q

cerebral white matter: projection tracts

A
  • go from superior to inferior points or vice versa

- between cerebrum and lower parts of CNS

25
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • grey matter that exists within the brain
  • regulates initiation and termination of movements (ex. reaching to grab a glass)
  • input from cortex, output to motor area (important to relay signals properly)
26
Q

limbic system

A
  • multiple parts connected to produce function
  • emotion and learning/ memory (how brain processes what we experience as emotion)
  • cortex around corpus callosum and thalamus
  • amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus (and other parts)
  • all interconnected to help with appropriate emotional responses (ex. angry about specific memory)
27
Q

describe hemisphere lateralization that occurs in the cerebrum

A

-right and left side control the same or opposite sides

28
Q

identify 4 types of brain waves

A
  • alpha: awake but resting (not mentally concentrating)
  • beta: receiving sensory stimuli/ engaged in concentrated mental activity
  • theta: drowsy or sleepy state in adults, common in children
  • delta: deep sleep
29
Q

olfactory nerve (I)

A
  • smell

- sensory - detect and relay stimulus to brain

30
Q

optic nerve (II)

A
  • vision

- main visual stimuli

31
Q

oculomotor nerve (III)

A
  • proprioception, eye movements

- focus on visual target

32
Q

trochlear nerve (IV)

A
  • proprioception

- detecting balance / equilibrium (limbs)

33
Q

trigeminal nerve (V)

A

-chewing
-sensation for touch
-pain
-temp
(skin / somatic senses)

34
Q

abducens nerve (VI)

A

-proprioception

35
Q

facial nerve (VII)

A

-facial expression, taste, saliva, tears

36
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

A
  • auditory nerve

- equilibrium, hearing

37
Q

glassopharyngeal nerve (IX)

A

-swallowing, monitoring O2, CO2, and posterior tongue

38
Q

vagus nerve (X)

A
  • similar to IX

- slows HR, smooth muscle in GI tract

39
Q

accessory nerve (XI)

A

-proprioception, swallowing, head and shoulder movement

40
Q

hypoglossal nerve (XII)

A

-proprioception, tongue movement

A&P I (7 decks)

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