3. Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Compare the major organic molecules found in the human body and describe their functions
Significance of carbon in organic compounds
- carbon is good for bonding covalently with other things
- likes to form 4 covalent bonds, creating molecules with carbon backbone that can be added to and modified, changing properties and applications
4 major groups of organic molecules found in human body
- hydroxyl
- phosphate
- carboxyl
- amino
identify and explain significance of hydroxyl group
(-OH) attached to to other things
sugars, alcohols
identify and explain significance of carboxyl group
(-COOH) organic acids
-gives acidic properties
-fatty acids (simple lipids) and amino acids
sugars, proteins
identify and explain significance of amino group
(-NH2)
-nitrogen attached to any amount (usually 2) of hydrogen
-have amino group on one side and carboxyl (acid) on other
amino acids, proteins
identify and explain significance of phosphate group
(-H2PO4)
-found in phospholipids (make up cell membrane), nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) and ATP
general characteristics of all carbohydrates
(CHO)- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
- monomer is monosaccharide –> build disaccharides and polysaccharides
- most are sugars or starches; names are sacchar- or -ose
- rings of sugar, made of carbons
how carbohydrates are used by the body
- energy
- break down energy from glucose to make ATP
- body stores excess glucose (glycogen stored in liver/ muscles) and when needed later sugar can be broken back down
- used in structures (DNA, RNA)
3 major categories of carbohydrates and examples of each: monosaccharides
- 1 sugar (simple carbon ring)
- (glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose)
- *glucose: blood sugar that provides energy to most cells
- fructose: fruit sugar; converted to glucose and metabolized
- galactose: converted to glucose and metabolized
- *ribose and deoxyribose: important compounds of DNA and RNA
3 major categories of carbohydrates and examples of each: disaccharides
- 2 sugars bonded
- (lactose, sucrose, maltose)
- lactose: glucose + galactose; milk sugar (infant nutrition)
- sucrose: glucose + fructose; produced by sugar cane and sugar beets (used as table sugar)
3 major categories of carbohydrates and examples of each: polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose)
- multiple sugars bonded (50+ monosaccharides)
- glycogen, starch, cellulose
- *glycogen: energy storage polysaccharide made by cells of liver (produces after meal and breaks down later to maintain blood glucose levels), brain, muscles (store it for energy needs), uterus (early pregnancy for embryo nourishment), vagina
named according to number of carbons in chain
triose, tetrose, pentose, and hexose sugars
- triose: ring of 3 carbons
- tetrose: 4 carbons
- pentos: 5 carbons
- hexose: 6 carbons
dehydration synthesis (condensation) reactions
- process that puts monomers together to form polymers
- ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide + water
- works the same in every group
hydrolysis reactions
- process that breaks polymers back down
- ex. disaccharide + water = monosaccharide + monosaccharide
- works the same in every group
general characteristics of all lipids
CHO
- hydrophobic
- monomer is simple lipids (fatty acids) –> put together to make triglycerides, phospholipids
major categories of lipids
- fatty acids
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- steroids
- eicosanoids
major categories of lipids: fatty acids
- simple lipid
- chain of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl group at one end and methyl group at other
- saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated, monosaturated
major categories of lipids: triglycerides
- complex lipid (combo of simple lipids)
- glycerol + 3 fatty acids
- storage of excess dietary substances in adipose tissue
major categories of lipids: phospholipids
- complex lipid (combo of simple lipids)
- glycerol + fatty acids, but phosphate and polar group in third spot (tail hydrophobic, head hydrophilic)
- cell membrane
major categories of lipids: steroids
- 4 carbon rings
- cholesterol (important in cell membranes)
- important in hormones
major categories of lipids: eicosanoids
-prostoglandins (hormones), thromboxane (blood clotting)
saturated fatty acids
- triglyceride
- meat and dairy
- saturated with hydrogen (no carbon to carbon double bonds)
- higher melting point so harder to get rid of
unsaturated fatty acids
- triglyceride
- carbon to carbon double bonds (unsaturated with hydrogen)
- nuts, fish, oils
monounsaturated fatty acids
-triglyceride
polyunsaturated fatty acids
-triglyceride
general characteristics of all proteins
(C,H,O,N,S)
- monomer is amino acids –> put together to build dipeptides, tripeptides, and polypeptides
- peptide bonds form between the amino acids- so we make peptides
- 20 amino acids naturally occur (10 essential- come through diet)
nucleic acids
monomer is nucleotides–> put together to make nucleic acids
structure of amino acids
- amino base group-carbon in center-carboxyl group
- carbon attached to side chain that makes the different amino acids
dipeptides
2 amino acids together by peptide bond
tripeptides
3 amino acids together by peptide bond
polypeptides
more than 3 amino acids together by peptide bond
levels of protein structure: primary structure
amino acid chain as determined by dna sequence in control of that gene
levels of protein structure: secondary structure
folding chain (coil into alpha helix or folds back on self into beta sheets)
levels of protein structure: tertiary structure
folding of chain into 3D shape
levels of protein structure: quaternary structure
arrangement of multiple polypeptides chains relative to each other (not always) (hemoglobin)
denaturation of proteins
- when protein loses its shape, it also loses function
- with heat they “unwind”
- sickle cell disease
describe apoenzyme portion
protein portion of enzyme
always present
describe coenzyme portion
- metal ion or other molecule that functions as co enzyme
- has to fit with enzyme and substrate (thing enzyme is binding with)
describe how enzymes are named
- ase on end = enzyme
- named for what they do (oxidase oxidizes
describe role of substrate and active sites
substrate binds to enzyme in active site
induced fit hypothesis
active site fits substrate loosely but changes shape to fit enzyme
enzyme substrate complex
enzyme and substrate come together at site of enzyme to form this
factors that effect enzyme function
need optimum conditions - pH, temp, etc
nucleic acids
monomer is nucleotides–> put together to make nucleic acids
2 major types of nucleic acids: DNA
-deoxyribose
-double strand connected with hydrogen bonds
-genes are segments of DNA- base sequence read to produce protein needed for cells
-adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thiamine (T)
A=T , C=G
-ATP
2 major types of nucleic acids: RNA
- ribose
- adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), uracil (U)
- function is mRNA transcripts (makes copies) of the genes on DNA, tRNA transfers amino acids, job is to match up with mRNA and bring appropriate amino acid for primary structure of protein, rRNA makes important structure of ribosome in cells
purines vs pyrimidines
- purine = adenine and guanine
- pyrimidines = cytosine, thiamine, uracil
purines vs pyrimidines
- purine = adenine and guanine
- pyrimidines = cytosine, thiamine, uracil
ATP vs ADP
- ATP= triphosphate (3 phosphate groups); stored energy
- ADP= diphosphate; energy being used
- ATPase breaks down ATP to use energy
