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New Pathology TN > XII - The Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems > Flashcards

XII - The Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Mean cell volume (MCV)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423

A

Average volume per red blood cell

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2
Q

Anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 422

A

A reduction in the oxygen-transporting capacity of blood.

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3
Q

Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423

A

The average content of hemoglobin per red cell

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4
Q

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423

A

The average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red cells, expressed in g/dL.

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5
Q

Red cell distribution width (RDW)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423

A

The coefficient of variation of red cell volume.

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6
Q

Normocytic, normochromic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423

A

Anemia of acute blood loss is described as ______.

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7
Q

120 days(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424

A

Life span of a normal red cell.

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8
Q

Hemolytic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424

A

Anemia characterized by an increased rate of cell destruction. There is a compensatory increase in erythropoeisis (seen as inceased reticulocyte count), and retention of cell destruction products, like iron.

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9
Q

Haptoglobin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424

A

A circulating protein that binds and clears free hemoglobin.

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10
Q

Intravascular hemolysis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424

A

Hemolysis that can result from mechanical trauma, or biochemical or physical agents that damage the red cell membrane.

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11
Q

Extravascular hemolysis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424

A

Hemolysis which takes place largely within phagocytic cells of the spleen and liver.

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12
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424

A

This disorder is characterized by an intrinsic defect in the red cell membrane, that renders the cells spheroidal, less defomable and vulnerable to splenic sequestration and destruction. SEE SLIDE 12.1

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13
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 425

A

Small, dark nuclear remnants seen within red cells in PBS of hereditary spherocytosis. SEE SLIDE 12.2

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14
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 425

A

On PBS, red cells are spherical which lack central pallor, and they show increased osmotic fragility when placed in hypotonic salt solutions. SEE SLIDE 12.1

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15
Q

Spectrin and ankyrin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 425

A

Structural proteins that are defective in hereditary spherocytosis.

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16
Q

Sickle cell anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 426

A

This results from substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the 6th position of the B-chain, producing HbS.

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17
Q

Sickle cell anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 427

A

Bizarre, elongated, spindled or boat-shaped cells on PBS. SEE SLIDE 12.3

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18
Q

Sickle cell anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 427

A

Prominent cheekbones and changes in skull resembling a “crew-cut” skull x-ray.

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19
Q

Encapsulated bacteria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428

A

Patients with sickle cell disease are predisposed to infections caused by these type of bacteria.

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20
Q

Hydroxyurea(TOPNOTCH)

A

Treatment for sickle cell disease by increasing levels of HbF.

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21
Q

Hydroxyurea(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428

A

Treatment for sickle cell disease by increasing levels of HbF.

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22
Q

Acute chest syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428

A

Feared complication of sickle cell disease which can be trigerred by pulmonary infections or fat emboli from necrotic marrow that secondarily involve the lung.

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23
Q

CNS stroke(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428

A

Major complication of sickle cell disease which occurs in the setting of acute chest syndrome, causing ischemic injury to the CNS.

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24
Q

Aplastic crises(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428

A

Represents a sudden but usually temporary cessation of erythropoeisis, usually trigerred by parvovirus B19 infections in patients with sickle cell disease.

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25
Q

B- Thalassemia minor/trait(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 429

A

In beta thalassemia, an individual who inherits one abnormal allele (out of 2) has this asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic condition.

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26
Q

B- Thalassemia major(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 429

A

Individuals with B-thalassemia who inherit two abnormal alleles, with severe anemia requiring regular blood tranfusions.

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27
Q

Target cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 430

A

Red cells with a central, dark-red puddle due to collection of hemoglobin.

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28
Q

B-thalassemia minor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 430

A

Target cells are often seen in this condition.

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29
Q

B-thalassemia major(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 430

A

In the PBS of this condition, nucleated red cells (normoblasts) are seen, which reflect underlying erythropoeisis.

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30
Q

Microcytic, hypochromic(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 430

A

Anemia of beta thalassemia.

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31
Q

Hemoglobin H disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 431

A

Disease caused by deletion of 3 alpha globin genes.

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32
Q

Silent carrier(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 431

A

Condition caused by deletion of 1 alpha globin gene.

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33
Q

Alpha thalassemia trait(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 431

A

Condition caused by deletion of 2 alpha globin genes.

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34
Q

Hydrops fetalis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 429

A

Condition caused by deletion of all four alpha globin genes.

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35
Q

Heinz bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 432

A

Precipitates of denatured globin seen in RBC’s. SEE SLIDE 12.4.

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36
Q

G6PD Deficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 432

A

Heinz bodies are seen in the blood smear of this condition.

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37
Q

G6PD Deficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 432

A

Bite cells are seen in ________. SEE SLIDE 12.5.

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38
Q

Warm antibody immunohemolytic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 433

A

Hemolysis caused by IgG or IgA antiodies that are active at 37 degC, which results in opsonization of red cells by the autoantibodies.

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39
Q

Cold antibody immunohemolytic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 433

A

Anemia caused by low-affinity IgM which bind to red cell membranes only at temp

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40
Q

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 433

A

Anemia observed in a variety of pathologic states, in which small vessels become particularly obstructed.(e.g. DIC, malignant HTN, SLE, etc.)

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41
Q

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 433

A

Schistiocytes, burr cells, helmet cells, triangle cells are seen in this condition. SEE SLIDE 12.6

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42
Q

G6PD Deficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 432

A

X-linked disorder in which red cells are unusually susceptible to damage cause by oxidants. (Drugs that produce oxidants include antimalarials, sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, phenacetin, and vitamin K derivatives)

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43
Q

Microcytic, hypochromic(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 436

A

Red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia.

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44
Q

Low ferritinLow serum iron levelsLow transferrin saturationIncreased TIBC(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 435

A

Diagnostic criteria for iron deficiency anemia:____ Ferritin____Serum iron level____Transferrin saturation____Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)

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45
Q

Increased ferritinLow serum iron levelsLow transferrin saturationDecreased TIBCNormocytic, normochromic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 435

A

Diagnostic criteria for anemia of chronic disease:____ Ferritin____Serum iron level____Transferrin saturation____Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)

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46
Q

Folate deficiencyVitamin B12 deficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 437

A

Principal causes of megaloblastic anemia.

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47
Q

Megaloblastic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 437

A

Bone marrow is markedly hypercellular as a result of increased number of megaloblasts, which are large cells that have delicate, finely reticulated nuclear chromatin and abundant basophilic cytoplasm.

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48
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils, large, egg-shaped macro-ovalocytes. SEE SLIDE 12.7 (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 437

A

PBS finding in neutrophils and red cells of patients with megaloblastic anemia.

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49
Q

Presence of neurologic abnormalities in pernicious anemia.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 438

A

Difference between megaloblastic and pernicious anemia.

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50
Q

Megaloblastic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 438

A

Deficiency in folate causes this type of anemia.

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51
Q

Pernicious anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 438

A

Deficiency in Vitamin B12 causes this type of anemia.

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52
Q

1.Vitamin B12 malabsorption secondary to autoantibodies against parietal cells and intrinsic factor which is needed in its absorption.2. Gastrectomy or ileal resection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 438

A

Etiology of pernicious anemia.

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53
Q

Demyelination of posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 439

A

Principal neurologic lesion in pernicious anemia.

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54
Q

Aplastic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 439

A

Bone marrow is markedly hypocellular, with >90% of the intertrabecular space being occupied by fat. SEE SLIDE 12.8

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55
Q

Dacrocytes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 440

A

Tear drop cells are also called __________.

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56
Q

Myelophthisic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 440

A

Dacrocytes are found in peripheral blood of patients with this type of anemia.

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57
Q

Polycythemia or erythrocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 441

A

Increase in blood concentration of red cells, with an increase in Hgb concentration.

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58
Q

Relative polycythemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 441

A

Polycythemia secondary to reduced plasma volume.

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59
Q

Primary polycythemia (Absolute)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 441

A

Polycythemia secondary to abnormal proliferation of myeloid stem cells and low erythropoeitin levels.

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60
Q

Secondary polycythemia (Absolute)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 441

A

Polycythemia secondary to increased erythropoeitin levels due to lung disease, high-altitude living, cyanotic heart disease and EPO secreting tumors.

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61
Q

Neutropenia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 441

A

Total white cell count is reduced to 1000 cells/uL. Affected persons are extremely susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections.

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62
Q

Infectious mononucleosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 442

A

A self-limited disease of adolescents and young adults that is causd by B lymphocytotropic EBV characterized by fever, sore throat and generalized lymphadenitis, an increase of atypical lymphocytes in blood and an antibody and T cell response to EBV.

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63
Q

Atypical lymphocytes (Infectious mononucleosis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 442

A

T Cells with abundant cytoplasm 12-16um in diameter that contains azurophilic granules, and an oval, indented or folded nucleus. SEE SLIDE 12.9

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64
Q

Acute nonspecific lymphadenitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 444

A

Inflamed nodes are swollen, gray-red and engorged. There are large germinal centers containing numerous mitotic figures. Affected nodes are tender and fluctuant if with extensive abscess formation.

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65
Q

Sinus histiocytosis(TOPNOTCH)

A

Reactive pattern characterized by distention and prominence of the lymphatic sinusoids, due to marked hypertrophy of lining endothelial cells and an infiltrate of histiocytes. Encountered in lymph nodes draining cancers.

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66
Q

Paracortical hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 444

A

Characterized by reactive changes within T-cell regions of the lymph node, usually encountered during viral infections, following certain vaccinations, and immune reactions induced by certain drugs.

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67
Q

Bartonella henselae(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 444

A

Causative agent for cat scratch disease(TOPNOTCH)

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68
Q

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 447

A

Lymphoblasts with irregular nuclear contours, condensed chromatin , small nucleoli and scant agranular cytoplasm. SEE SLIDE 12.10. Blasts compose >25% of marrow cellularity. Most common childhood leukemia.

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69
Q

Follicular lymphoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Ed. p. 443

A

Frequent small “cleaved” cells mixed with large cells, growth pattern is NODULAR, centroblasts present. SEE SLIDE 12.11. Occurs in older adults, usually involves nodes, marrow, spleen. Associated with t(14;18) that results in overexpression of cyclin D1.

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70
Q

Mantle cell lymphoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Ed. p. 443

A

Small to intermediate-sized irregular lymphocytes growing in a diffuse pattern, no centroblasts and proliferation centers. SEE SLIDE 12.12. Occurs mainly in older males, GI tract commonly affected. Associated with t(11;14) that results in overexpression of cyclin D1, a regulator of the cell cycle.

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71
Q

Plasmacytoma / plasma cell myeloma(TOPNOTCH)

A

Plasma cells in sheets, with prominent nucleoli or inclusion containing Ig. Presents as disseminated bone disease, with destructive lytic lesions.

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72
Q

Burkitt lymphoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 453

A

Intermediate-sized round lymphoid cells with 2-5 prominent nucleoli. High rates of proliferation and apoptosis are characteristic. Nuclear remnants phagocytosed by interspersed macrophages with abundant clear cytoplasm, “starry sky pattern” SEE SLIDE 12.13.

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73
Q

Small lymphocytic leukemia (SLL) / Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 450

A

Sheets of small, round lymphocytes and scattered ill-defined foci of larger, actively dividing cells diffusely efface involved LN. A foci of mitotically active cells called proliferation centers are pathognomonic. SEE SLIDE 12.14.

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74
Q

Smudge cells. SEE SLIDE 12.14 (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 450

A

Fragile neoplastic lymphocytes that are frequently disrupted during smear preparation.

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75
Q

CLL/SLL. There is absolute lymphocytosis of MATURE-LOOKING lymphocytes, but they are very fragile, hence the smudge cells. (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 450

A

Smudge cells are seen in this type of leukemia. SEE SLIDE 12.14

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76
Q

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 452

A

Tumor cells have large nuclei with open chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Most important type of lymphoma in adults, accounting to ~50% of adult NHL.

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77
Q

Multiple myeloma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Ed. p. 438

A

Disease that presents as multifocal destructive bone lesions seen as punched-out defects on imaging. Renal involvement is also prominent, causing production of proteinaceous casts in the DCT and collecting ducts.

78
Q

Bence-Jones proteins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 454

A

Excess light or heavy chains along with complete Igs synthesized by neoplastic plasma cells.

79
Q

Reed-Sternberg cell. SEE SLIDE 12.15(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Ed. p. 440

A

Cells with two mirror-image nuclei or nuclear lobes, each containing a large acidophilic nucleolus surrounded by a distinctive clear zone, imparting an owl-like appearance. The sine qua non of Hodgkin Lymphoma.

80
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 456

A

A distinctive groups of neoplasms that arise almost invariably in a single lymph node or chain of lymph nodes and spread characteristically in a stepwise fashion to anatomically contiguous nodes.

81
Q

Nodular sclerosis HL(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Ed. p. 441

A

Most common form of Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by a large cell which has a single multilobate nucleus with small nucleoli and an abundant pale-staining cytoplasm called lacunar cells. Reed Sternberg cells are uncommon. There are also collagen bands that divide the tissue into circumscribed nodules, hence the name. SEE SLIDE 12.16.

82
Q

Mixed cellularity HL(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 458

A

Most common form of HL in patients greater than 50 years old, with male predominance, plentiful RS cells and heterogenous cellular infiltrates.

83
Q

Cloverleaf or flower cell. SEE SLIDE 12.17. (TOPNOTCH)

A

Cells found in adult T-cell lymphoma which appear to have multilobulated nuclei.

84
Q

Lymphocyte-predominance HL(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 458

A

Subgroup of HL characterized by a large number of small resting lymphocytes admixed with a variable number of benign histiocytes. Variant RS cells described as multilobed, puffy nucleus Which appears like a “popcorn”. Excellent prognosis. SEE SLIDE 12.18.

85
Q

Flame cells(TOPNOTCH)

A

Cells with fiery red cytoplasm, seen in Multiple myeloma. SEE SLIDE 12.19

86
Q

Russell bodies. SEE SLIDE 12.20 (TOPNOTCH)

A

Cells with pink globular cytoplasmic inclusions, seen in Multiple myeloma.

87
Q

Dutcher bodies. SEE SLIDE 12.20 (TOPNOTCH)

A

Cells with blue globular nuclear inclusions, seen in Multiple myeloma

88
Q

Bizarre, multinucleated cells(TOPNOTCH)

A

Multiple nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and cytoplasmic droplets containing Ig.

89
Q

Multiple myeloma(TOPNOTCH)

A

Bizarre multinucleated cells, flame cells, Russel bodies and Dutcher bodies are all seen in what disease? SEE SLIDES 12.19 and 12.20

90
Q

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia. Particularly numerous in acute promyelocytic leukemia. (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 462

A

Bone marrow aspirate shows hypercellular martow packed with myeloblasts and azurophilic needle-like material called Auer rods. SEE SLIDE 12.21

91
Q

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 461

A

Leukemia of children most responsive to chemotherapy.

92
Q

Lymphocyte depleted(TOPNOTCH)

A

Hodgkin lymphoma subgroup most commonly associated with EBV infection.

93
Q

Hairy cell leukemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 459

A

Mature B-cell tumor in the elderly, where cells have fine hair-like projections (hairy cells). SEE SLIDE 12.22

94
Q

Philadelphia chromosome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 465

A

t(9;22) is also called ______.

95
Q

Mixed cellularity type(TOPNOTCH)

A

Hodgkin lymphoma subgroup with highest count of RS cells.

96
Q

High Lymphocyte : Reed-Sternberg cell ratio(TOPNOTCH)

A

This correlates with good prognosis in Hodgkin lymphoma.

97
Q

Nodular sclerosis and lymphocyte predominant(TOPNOTCH)

A

Hodgin lymphoma subgroup not associated with EBV.

98
Q

Lymphocyte depleted HL(TOPNOTCH)

A

Hodgkin lymphoma subgroup with poorest prognosis.

99
Q

Thymoma(TOPNOTCH)

A

Tumor of the thymus associated with myasthenia gravis and pure red cell aplasia.

100
Q

Birbeck granules. SEE SLIDE 12.23(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 467

A

Pentalaminar tubules, often with a dilated terminal end (tennis racket-like appearance).

101
Q

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 467

A

Proliferative disorder of the dendritic cells which has birbeck granules. SEE SLIDE 12.23

102
Q

Mutation in tyrosine kinase JAK2, which acts in signalling pathways of the erythropoeitin receptors, rendering them hypersensitive to erythropoeitin.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 466

A

Pathology behind polycythemia vera.

103
Q

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 467

A

Collection of aggressive tumors that are comprised of immature myeloblasts which replace the marrow and suppress normal hematopoiesis.

104
Q

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 467

A

Myeloid tumor arising from a pluripotent stem cell associated with mutatios of the BCR-ABL gene. If untreated, may progress to a blast crisis.

105
Q

Myeloid metaplasia with Myelofibrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 467

A

Most common myelodysplastic syndrome. A myeloid tumor in which abnormal megakaryocytes stimulate marrow fibroblasts to release collagen, replacing the marrow space, leading to pancytopenia and extramedullary hematopoeisis.

106
Q

Letterer-Siwe disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 468

A

Other name for acute disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

107
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 469

A

Caused by a systemic activation of coagulation pathways, leading to formation of thrombi throughout the microcirculation.

108
Q

Thrombocytopenia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 471

A

Characterized by spontaneous bleeding, prolonged bleeding time, and normal PT and PTT.

109
Q

Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 472

A

Drug-induced disorder caused by IgG antibodies that bind to platelet factor IV on platelet surfaces, which activates platelets and induce their aggregation.

110
Q

Thrombotic thrombocytic purpura(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 472

A

Associated with pentad of fever, thrombocytopenia, microangipathic hemolytic anemia, transient neurologic deficits and renal failure.

111
Q

Hemolytic uremic syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Ed. p. 454

A

Associated with childhood onset microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. No neurologic symptoms. Often with a history of bloody diarrhea.

112
Q

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 472

A

Caused by antiplatelet antibodies directed against glycoproteins IIb-IIIa, Ib-IX.

113
Q

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)

A

Decreased gp Ib leads to defective platelet adhesion, associated with decreased platelet count.

114
Q

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 472

A

Caused by deficiency of ADAMTS13, a vWF metalloprotease.

115
Q

Hemolytic uremic syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 472

A

Caused by shiga-like toxin in EHEC (E. coli O157:H7) from improperly cooked burgers.

116
Q

Glanzmann thrombasthenia(TOPNOTCH)

A

Decreased gp IIb-IIIa leads to defective platelet aggregation, associated with normal platelet count.

117
Q

vWF disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 474

A

Most common bleeding disorder.

118
Q

Hemophilia A(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 474

A

Most common hereditary disease associated with life threatening bleeding,

119
Q

Classic Hemophilia/ Hemophilia A(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 474

A

An X-linked recessive disorder caused by reduction in factor VII activity.

120
Q

Hemophilia B/ Christmas Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 474

A

An X-linked disorder caused by deficiency of Factor IX, or Christmas factor. Bleeding time is normal, PTT is prolonged.

121
Q

Hypersplenism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 476

A

A state associated with excessive removal of formed elements of blood, resulting in anemia, leukopenia or thrombocytopenia.

122
Q

Burkitt lymphoma (TOPNOTCH)

A

A 17 y/o male presented with a short history of fever, tonsillitis and monolateral enlarged cervical lymph nodes. PE revealed enlargement of righ cervical lymph node, 3 cm in diameter hard , and pharyngeal hyperemia. Biopsy was done and showed a malignant population of round monomorphic B cells interspersed with macrophages forming the start in the “starry sky” pattern. SEE SLIDE 12.13. This is a case of:

123
Q

AML (TOPNOTCH)

A

An 18 y/o male presents with easy fatigability, fever, and cutaneous bleeding. Bone marrow biopsy showed 40% myeloblasts. What is the most likely diagnosis?

124
Q

Drug toxicity (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9th ed., p. 582

A

The most common cause of agranulocytosis

125
Q

Elevated leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. (TOPNOTCH)

A

What laboratory finding differentiate leukemoid reaction from CML?

126
Q

Folate deficiency (TOPNOTCH)

A

An 8 month old presented with anemia. Red cells were noted to be oval and macrocytic. Nutritional history revealed that the infant was exclusively fed raw goat’s milk. The most likely cause of his anemia is:

127
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency (TOPNOTCH)

A

A 2 y/o child arrived at well-child clinic. Mother reported that her child is exclusively breastfed for 6 months and then supplemented mainly by carrots. The patient is most likely prone to developing anemia caused by:

128
Q

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia/Lymphoblastic lymphoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 598

A

Most common type of cancer in children; highly aggressive tumors manifest with signs and symptoms of bone marrow failure, or as rapidly growing masses

129
Q

Small lymphocytic lymphoma/CLL(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 598

A

Most common leukemia of adults which usually presents with bone marrow and lymph node involvement.

130
Q

Follicular lymphoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 598

A

Most common leukemia of adults which usually presents with bone marrow and lymph node involvement.

131
Q

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 598

A

Most common lymphoma of adults

132
Q

Burkitt Lymphoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 598

A

Very aggressive tumor of mature B cells that usually arise at extranodal sites; strongly associated with translocations involving MYC proto-oncogene

133
Q

Multiple Myeloma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 599

A

Plasma cell neoplasm commonly associated with lytic bone lesions, pathologic fractures, chronic pain, hypercalcemia, renal failure, and acquired immune abnormalities.

134
Q

Bone destruction mediated by neoplastic plasma cells(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 599

A

Major pathologic feature of multiple myeloma

135
Q

True(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 600

A

True or False. Cellular immunity is relatively unaffected in Multiple myeloma

136
Q

Bence-Jones proteinuria(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 600

A

Single most important factor in the pathogenesis of renal failure in Multiple myeloma

137
Q

True(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 592

A

True or False. Age younger 2 years is associated with a worse prognosis in ALL.

138
Q

ALL (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 592

A

Abrupt stormy onset, symptoms of depressed marrow function, and mass effects by neoplastic infiltration , including bone pain are more common in ALL or AML?

139
Q

ALL (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 592

A

The leading cause of cancer deaths in children

140
Q

Endemic Burkitt lymphoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 597

A

This lymphoma often presents a mass involving the mandible and shows an unusual predilection for involvement of abdominal viscera, particularly the kidneys, ovaries, and adrenal glands.

141
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma (Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells) (TOPNOTCH)

A

A 40 y/o male presented with unexplained weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Chest radiograph showed a mediastinal mass. Histologic findings showed large cells with multiple nuclei with large inclusion-like nucleolus. What is the most likely diagnosis?

142
Q

CML (TOPNOTCH)

A

A 52 y/o female presents with dragging sensation in the abdomen associated with anemia, weakness, and weight loss. Chromosomal analysis showed presence of BCR-ABL fusion gene. What is the most likely diagnosis?

143
Q

Intravascular hemolysis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 631

A

Presence of anemia, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, hemosiderinuria, and jaundice are manifestations of intravascular or extravascular hemolysis?

144
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis(TOPNOTCH)

A

Patient presents with anemia, splenomegaly, and jaundice. Peripheral blood smear shows small, dark-staining red cells lacking the central zone of pallor. Father had prolonged jaundice since childhood. What is the most likely diagnosis?

145
Q

G6PD Deficiency(TOPNOTCH)

A

A 5 y/o male presented with malaise and low grade fever for 10 days. He was diagnosed with toxoplasmosis and was given pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. Three days after, patient presented with jaundice and dark urine. PBS showed Heinz bodies and bite cells. What is the most likely diagnosis?

146
Q

Sickle-cell anemia(TOPNOTCH)

A

Hemolysis and vaso-occlusive crisis are common in this form of anemia caused by mutaion of glutamic acid to valine.

147
Q

Infection(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 634

A

The most common trigger for episodic hemolysis in G6PD Deficiency

148
Q

Microvascular occlusion (in Sickle cell disease) (TOPNOTCH)

A

A 19 y/o African-American male presented with severe pain in the chest and extremities, splenomegaly, and anemia. PBS showed reticulocytosis, presence of target cells, and sickled cells. Three days prior , patient developed cough and fever. For the past 3 years, patient had suffered from recurrent pains and jaundice. What is the pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for the most serious clinical features of this disease?

149
Q

Thrombosis(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. P. 642

A

Leading cause of disease-related death in individuals with PNH

150
Q

Suppressed synthesis of DNA (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 648

A

The immediate cause of megaloblastosis, and a common denominator of folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency

151
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 649

A

Most common nutritional disorder in the world

152
Q

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia (Case of IDA) (TOPNOTCH)

A

An 18 y/o female complained of generalized weakness, lethargy, and light headedness. She revealed she was having excessive bleeding during menstruation from the previous 6 months. Upon examining, she was noted to have pallor, tachycardia, and swollen tongue. Most likely morphology of RBC:

153
Q

Aplastic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 654

A

Presents signs and symptoms of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. Splenomegaly is characteristically absent. And the red cell are usually macrocytic and normochromic. (+) Reticulocytopenia. Bone marrow is hypocellular. What is the condition described?

154
Q

Parvovirus B19 (TOPNOTCH)) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 655

A

Virus implicated in acute red cell aplasia

155
Q

Intracranial bleeding (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 657

A

Most feared complication of thrombocytopenia

156
Q

von Willebrand disease (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 662

A

Most common presenting symptoms of this condition are spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes, excessive bleeding from wounds, or menorrhagia. Bleeding tendency often goes unnoticed until some hemostatic stress, such as surgery, reveals its presence. Patients may have defects in platelet function despite a normal platelet count, prolonged PTT.

157
Q

Hemophilia A and B (Factor VIII and IX Ddeficiency) (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 663

A

Patient with this disease has a tendency toward easy bruising and massive hemorrhage after trauma or operative procedures, and recurrent bleeding into the joints. Petechiae are absent. Patients have a prolonged PTT and normal PT.

158
Q

Release of tissue factor and widespread endothelial injury(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. P. 663

A

Two major mechanisms that trigger DIC

159
Q

X chromosome (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. P 431-432

A

A 5 year old male is observed by his mother to have tea-colored urine whenever he has infections. One particular episode of pneumonia required hospital admission, where the child developed jaundice also. A peripheral blood smear showed red cells with Heinz bodies, while other red cells had parts of their cytoplasm “plucked out”. SEE SLIDES 12.4 and 12.5. The child likely has a deficient enzyme required in the production of reduced glutathione, the gene for which is found on (A) X chromosome (B) Y chromosome (C) chromosome 21 (D) chromosome 22

160
Q

neurologic symptoms (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. Pp 437-439

A

An 8 year old child from the slums has easy fatigability and pallor. A peripheral blood smear shows large, egg-shaped red cell precursors, and hypersegmented neutrophils. SEE SLIDE 12.7. Short of measuring serum folate and vitamin B12 levels, what finding will suggest a vitamin B12 deficiency, rather than a folate deficiency? (A) gastrointestinal symptoms (B) neurologic symptoms (C) development of congestive heart failure (D) megaloblasts on bone marrow aspirate smears

161
Q

idiopathic (aplastic anemia) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. P439

A

A 33 year old female presents with pallor, easy fatigability, and echymoses. Her spleen is not enlarged. A CBC showed profound anemia and markedly decreased WBC and platelet counts. A bone marrow core biopsy showed marrow that is predominantly replaced by fat, with few lymphocytic and plasma cells. SEE SLIDE 12.8. The most common cause of her condition is (A) myelotoxic drugs (B) viral infection (C) bacterial infection (D) idiopathic

162
Q

T cells (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. P 443

A

A 14 year old male develops fever, sore throat, lymphadenitis, and fatigue. His CBC shows leukocytosis, with a lymphocytic predominance. Peripheral blood smear shows some large leukocytes with abundant cytoplasm occasional azurophilic granules, and indented nuclei with fine chromatin. Monospot test and anti-EBV titers are positive. The large leukocytes seen are (A) monocytes (B) megakaryocytes (C) B cells (D) T cells

163
Q

sinus histiocytosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. P 444

A

Lymph nodes that drain cancers but do not yet harbor metastatic deposits often show (A) follicular hyperplasia (B) paracortical hyperplasia (C) sinus histiocytosis (D) fibrous obliteration

164
Q

a BCR-ABL fusion gene (Chronic myelogenous leukemia) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. P 464

A

A 55 year old male presents with pallor and easy fatigability. Physical exam showed massive splenomegaly. CBC showed marked leukocytosis, and a peripheral smear showed numerous neutrophils, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes. SEE SLIDE 12.24. Basophils are also seen. A bone marrow aspirate shows a similar picture. This man likely has (A) a BCR-ABL fusion gene (B) a JAK2 mutation (C) an 8:22 translocation (D) an 11:22 translocation

165
Q

neoplastic megakaryocytes (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. P 466

A

In primary myelofibrosis, marrow fibroblasts are stimulated to proliferate by PDGF and TGF-beta released from (A) granulocyte precursors (B) erythroid precursors (C) lymphoid cells (D) neoplastic megakaryocytes

166
Q

a thymoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. P 476

A

A 28 year old female is found to have a mediastinal mass on chest xray during a preemployment medical exam. On history, she is found to have muscle fatigue that worsens as the day progresses. She undergoes surgery where her mediastinal mass is resected. Microscopic examination showed sheets of bland spindle cells with sparse inflammatory infiltrates. SEE SLIDE 12.25. Her tumor is (A) a metastasis from an undiagnosed endometrial mass (B) a metastasis from an occult breast malignancy (C) a lymphoma(D) a thymoma

167
Q

Chronic hemolytic anemia (Episodes of sickling damage the membrane. Mean life span is only 20 days) and Microvascular obstruction (Pain crises and hypoxic damage) (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 412

A

Two major consequences that arise from the sickling of red cells in sickle cell disease.

168
Q

Heinz bodies. SEE SLIDE 12.4. (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 416

A

Intracellular inclusions that are made of oxidized hemoglobin proteins that precipitated, seen in G6PD deficiency

169
Q

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Ed. p. 417

A

A mutation in the gene PIGA causes this disease that makes red blood cells sensitive to complement-mediated lysis.

170
Q

Hepcidin (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Ed. p. 421

A

High levels of this protein is seen in anemia of chronic disease. It is responsible for blocking the transfer of iron to erythroid precursors, hence causing anemia.

171
Q

Idiopathic (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Ed. p. 424

A

Most common etiology of aplastic anemia

172
Q

Heterophil antibody (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed 426

A

Antibody that can be detected in EBV infection, which is used as a diagnostic test

173
Q

Follicular hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Ed. p. 428

A

Type of lymph node hyperplasia characterized by 1) preserved LN architecture, 2) variation in size of germinal centers, 3) presence of lymphocytes and phagocytic macrophages (tingible body macrophages). Causes include RA, toxoplasmosis, early HIV infection.

174
Q

Paracortical hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Ed. p. 428

A

Type of lymph node hyperplasia characterized by immune reactions involving the T cell regions. Commonly caused encountered in viral infections, vaccinations, and drug-induced immune reactions.

175
Q

Sinus histiocytosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Ed. p. 428

A

Type of lymph node hyperplasia characterized by distention of sinusoids due to macrophage infiltration and hypertrophy of endothelial cells. Encountered in cancer.

176
Q

Cat scratch disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 428

A

Disease caused by Bartonella henselae, which morphologically presents as irregular stellate necrotizing granulomas in the nodes.

177
Q

Myeloblast (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 433

A

LYMPHOBLAST or MYELOBLAST: Often peroxidase positive

178
Q

Lymphoblast (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 433

A

LYMPHOBLAST or MYELOBLAST: Often periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive

179
Q

Myeloblast (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 433

A

LYMPHOBLAST or MYELOBLAST: More cytoplasm, which often contains granules

180
Q

Lymphoblast (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 433

A

LYMPHOBLAST or MYELOBLAST: Coarse and clumped chromatin with scant cytoplasm

181
Q

1) Formation of proteinaceous casts, one component of which are Bence Jones proteins, which can be toxic to the tubules. 2) Metastatic calcification. 3) Light chain amyloidosis. 4) Bacterial pyelonephritis due to susceptibility to infections (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 439

A

Renal effects of multiple myeloma

182
Q

HODGKIN (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 442

A

HODGKIN or NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA: Often localized to a single axial group of nodes

183
Q

NON-HODGKIN (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 442

A

HODGKIN or NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA: Involvement of multiple peripheral nodes

184
Q

HODGKIN (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 442

A

HODGKIN or NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA: Orderly spread by contiguity

185
Q

NON-HODGKIN (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 442

A

HODGKIN or NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA: Mesenteric nodes and Waldeyer ring are commonly involved

186
Q

NON-HODGKIN (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 442

A

HODGKIN or NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA: Extranodal involvement common

187
Q

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 444

A

Associated with 15:17 translocation. 80% of patients are cured with all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide treatment.

188
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndrome (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 445

A

In this disease, the marrow is populated by abnormal precursors– megaloblastoid erythroid precursors, ringed sideroblasts, and granulocyte precursors with abnormal granules. SEE SLIDE 12.26

189
Q

CML (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 446

A

Peripheral smear reveals circulating neutrophils, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes. Leukocyte count often exceeding 100,000 cells/uL. SEE SLIDE 12.24

190
Q

Primary myelofibrosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p 446

A

Peripheral smear reveals red cells with bizarre shapes (poikilocytes, teardrop cells), immature erythroid and white cell precursors (leukoerythroblastosis). In advanced cases, bone marrow is hypocellular and fibrotic.

New Pathology TN (24 decks)

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