Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease

Question 1

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Answer 1

Abundant in liver and gonads; used for steroid hormone and lipoprotein synthesis

Question 2

Rough endoplasmic reticulum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Answer 2

Synthesizes new proteins for the plasma membrane

Question 3

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Answer 3

Modifies hydrophobic compounds into water-soluble molecules

Question 4

Lysosomes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Answer 4

Organelles with degradative enzymes that permit digestion of macromolecules

Question 5

Peroxisomes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Answer 5

Organelles that break down fatty acids, generating hydrogen peroxide in the process

Question 6

Cytoskeleton(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.10

Answer 6

Intracellular scaffolding that allows cells to adopt a particular shape and organization. Also maintains polarity.

Question 7

Endosomal vesicles(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Answer 7

Shuttles internalized material to the appropriate site. Also directs newly synthesized materials to the cell surface or targeted organelle.

Question 8

Mitochondria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Answer 8

Production site of ATP and metabolic intermediates needed for anabolic metabolism

Question 9

Mitochondria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Answer 9

Contain important sensors of cell damage that can initiate and regulate the process of programmed cell death.

Question 10

Passive membrane diffusion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Answer 10

Water and carbon dioxide diffuse across the cell lipid bilayers through this TYPE OF DIFFUSION

Question 11

Exocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Answer 11

The process by which large molecules are exported from cells.

Question 12

Transcytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Answer 12

The movement of endocytosed vesicles between the apical and basolateral compartments of the cell, which is how large proteins are transferred across an epithelial barrier.

Question 13

Caveolae(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Answer 13

Non-coated plasma membrane invagination (“little caves”) associated with cAMP, GPI-linked molecules, SRC-family kinases, and folate receptor.

Question 14

Pinocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Answer 14

A fluid-phase process during which the plasma membrane invaginates and is pinched off to form a cytoplasmic vesicle.

Question 15

Receptor-mediated endocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.20

Answer 15

Major uptake mechanism for macromolecules such as transferrin and LDL, which bind to receptors localized in clathrin-coated pits.

Question 16

Actin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

Answer 16

Most abundant cytosolic protein in cells.

Question 17

Microtubules(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

Answer 17

They serve as connecting cables for “molecular motor” proteins that use ATP to move vesicles, organelles, or other molecules.

Question 18

Occluding junctions (tight junctions)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

Answer 18

Cell junction that seal adjacent cells together, creating a barrier that restricts paracellular movement of ions and other molecules.

Question 19

Anchoring junctions (desmosomes) (tight junctions)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

Answer 19

Cell junctions that mechanically attach cells and their intracellular cytoskeletons to other cells or to extracellular matrix.

Question 20

Communicating junctions (gap junctions) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 12

Answer 20

Junctions that mediate the passage of chemical or electrical signals from one cell to another.

Question 21

Golgi apparatus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 12

Answer 21

Cell organelle that consists of stacked cisternae that progressively modify protein

Question 22

Paracrine signaling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Answer 22

Cell-cell signaling pathway: cells in immediate vicinity are affected.

Question 23

Autocrine signaling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Answer 23

Cell-cell signaling pathway: molecules secreted by a cell affect tat same cell.

Question 24

Synaptic signaling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Answer 24

Cell-cell signaling pathway: activated neurons secrete neurotransmitters at specialized cell junctions onto target cells.

Question 25

Endocrine signaling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Answer 25

Cell-cell signaling pathway: A mediator is released into the bloodstream and acts on target cells at a distance.

Question 26

Intracellular receptors(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Answer 26

Vitamin D and steroid hormones are cell-permeable ligands for this type of receptor.

Question 27

Growth factors(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 18

Answer 27

Its major role is to stimulate the activity of genes required for cell growth and cell division.

Question 28

Epidermal growth factor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Answer 28

Growth factor that stimulates keratinocyte migration and formation of granulation tissue

Question 29

Transforming growth factor-alpha(TGF-a)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Answer 29

Growth factor that stimulates proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells.

Question 30

Hepatocyte growth factor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Answer 30

Growth factor: enhances proliferation of hepatocytes and increases cell motility

Question 31

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Answer 31

Growth factor: stimulates proliferation of endothelial cells and increases vascular permeability

Question 32

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (VEGF)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Answer 32

Growth factor that is chemotactic for neutrophils, fibroblasts, and smooth muscles, and activates proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells.

Question 33

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) (VEGF)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Answer 33

Growth factor that is chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts and stimulates angiogenesis and ECM protein synthesis

Question 34

Elastin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 23

Answer 34

Component of ECM responsible for the ability of tissues to recoil and recover their shape after physical deformation.

Question 35

Proteoglycan(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 23

Answer 35

Component of ECM that confer resistance to compressive forces, also provide lubrication between bony surfaces.

Question 36

Laminin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 24

Answer 36

The most abundant glycoprotein in basement membrane.

Question 37

Fibronectin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 24

Answer 37

A major component of the interstitial ECM.

Question 38

Integrins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology 9th ed. p. 24

Answer 38

A large family of transmembrane glycoproteins that allow cells to attach to ECM constituents, linking the intracellular cytoskeleton with the outside world.

Question 39

G1/Presynthetic growth-S/DNA synthesis-G2/Premitotic growth- M/mitotic phase (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p.25

Answer 39

Sequence of events in cell cycle

Question 40

Self-renewal and assymetric division. (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 26

Answer 40

Two important properties of stem cells

Question 41

Embryonic stem cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 27

Answer 41

Undifferentiated stem cells which are totipotent and can be induced to form specialized cells of all three germ cell layers.

Question 42

Tissue stem cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 27

Answer 42

Variety of stem cell with limited repertoire of differentiated cells that they can generate.

Question 43

Proteasomes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Answer 43

Specialized tye of "grinder" that selectively chews up denatured proteins, releasing peptides