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VI - Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

A

An abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of stimuli which evoked the change.

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2
Q

Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

A

Benign or malignant?

Localized

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3
Q

Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

A

Benign or malignant?

Invades and destroys adjacent tissues.

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4
Q

Parenchyma and Stroma(TOPNOTCH)

A

What are the two basic components of tumors?

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5
Q

Parenchyma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

A

This component of tumors largely determines its biologic behavior.

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6
Q

Parenchyma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

A

This component of tumors determines the name of the growth.

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7
Q

Stroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

A

This component of tumors is crucial to the growth of neoplasms since it carries the blood supply and provides support to the growth of cells.

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8
Q

Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

A

Benign or malignant?

Fibroma

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9
Q

Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

A

Benign or malignant?

Chondroma

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10
Q

Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

A

Benign or malignant?

Adenoma

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11
Q

Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

A

Benign or malignant?

Hepatoma

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12
Q

Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

A

Benign or malignant?

Papilloma

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13
Q

Sarcomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

A

Malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissue or its derivatives.

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14
Q

Fibroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

A

Benign tumor arising in fibrous tissue is called?

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15
Q

Chondroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

A

A benign cartilagenous tumor is called?

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16
Q

Adenoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

A

This is a benign epithelial neoplasm which produces glandular patterns or neoplasms derived from glands but not necessarily exhibit glandular patterns

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17
Q

Papillomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

A

These are benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds.

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18
Q

Polyps(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

A

A mass that projects above a mucosal surface to form a macroscopically visible structure.

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19
Q

Fibrosarcoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

A

A cancer of fibrous tissue origin.

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20
Q

Carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

A

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin.

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21
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

A

Carcinoma of squamous cell origin.

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22
Q

Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

A

Benign or malignant?

Lymphoma

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23
Q

Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

A

Benign or malignant?

Seminoma

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24
Q

Differentiation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

A

The extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their normal forebears morphologically and functionally.

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25
Q

Anaplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.177

A

This is considered a hallmark of malignancy, which literally means “to form backward”.

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26
Q

Anaplastic cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.177

A

These cells display marked pleomorphism, nuclei are variable and bizzare in size and shape. Chromatin is course and clumped. Mitoses are often numerous and distinctly atypical.

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27
Q

Dysplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178

A

This term is defined by disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation of cells, described as a loss in uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation.

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28
Q

Carcinoma -in- situ(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178

A

Defined as dysplastic changes which involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.

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29
Q

False(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178

A

True or false?

Dysplasia always progress to cancer.

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30
Q

FalseSome benign tumors are not encapsulated.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179

A

True or false?

Lack of capsule in a neoplastic growth indicates malignancy.

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31
Q

Metastasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179

A

This term describes the development of secondary implants discontinuous with the primary tumor, in remote tissues.

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32
Q

Local invasiveness(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179

A

Next to metastasis, this is the most reliable feature that distinguishes malignant from benign tumors.

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33
Q

SeedingLymphatic spreadHematogenous spread(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

A

Methods of dissemination of malignant neoplasms? (3)

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34
Q

Spread by seeding(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

A

This is the mode of dissemination of cancers of the ovary and CNS.

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35
Q

Lymphatic spread(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

A

This is the mode of dissemination more typical of carcinomas.

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36
Q

Hematogenous spread(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

A

This is the mode of dissemination more typical of sarcomas.

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37
Q

Sentinel lymph node(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

A

It is defined as the first lymph node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from a primary tumor.

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38
Q

Liver and lungs(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.181

A

What are the most common sites of metastasis involved in hematogenous dissemination of cancer?

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39
Q

Arsenic and its compounds(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

A

This substance is a byproduct of metal smelting, a component of alloys, electrical and semiconductor devices which could cause cancer of the lungs and skin and hemangiosarcomas.

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40
Q

Asbestos(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

A

This substance was formerly used for fire-resistant textiles and construction materials which could cause lung cancer and more prominently malignant mesothelioma

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41
Q

Benzene(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

A

This substance is commonly used as a solvent in paint, rubber, dry cleaning, adhesives and detergents which could cause leukemias and Hodgkin lymphoma.

42
Q

Beryllium and its compounds(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

A

This substance is used as hardener for metal alloys used in aerospace applications and nuclear reactors which is commonly associated with cancer of the lung.

43
Q

Cadmium and its compounds(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

A

This substance is used in solders, batteries and metal alloys commonly associated with cancers of the prostate.

44
Q

Vinyl chloride(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

A

This substance is a refrigerant and used as adhesive for plastics, which causes hepatic angiosarcoma.

45
Q

Retinoblastoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

A

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome

RB gene :__________

46
Q

Li Fraumeni Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

A

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome

p53 : ______________

47
Q

APC Gene(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

A

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome

__________ : Familial Adenomatous Polyposis / Colon CA

48
Q

BRCA 1 gene(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

A

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome

_________ : Breast on Ovarian Tumors

49
Q

BRCA 2 gene(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

A

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome

_________ : Breast Cancer only

50
Q

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1 and 2(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

A

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome

RET gene : _________

51
Q

kras gene(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

A

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome

__________ : Colon cancer

52
Q

Proto-oncogenes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.188

A

Normal cellular genes whose products promote cell proliferation.

53
Q

Aflatoxin B(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.209

A

It is a naturally occurring carcinogenic agent produced by some strains of Aspergillus, a mold that grows on improperly stored grains and nuts.

54
Q

Hepatocellular Carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.209

A

There is a strong correlation between the dietary level of Aflatoxin and what type of cancer?

55
Q

Promoters(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.210

A

These substances stimulate proliferation of the mutated cells.

56
Q

Through chromosome breakage, translocations and point mutations leading to genetic damage and carcinogenesis.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.210

A

How does ionizing radiation cause cancer?

57
Q

UV rays induce formation of pyrimidine dimers within DNA leading to mutations.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.210

A

What is the mechanism of action of UV rays in the formation of neoplastic cells?

58
Q

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus -1 (HTLV-1)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.211

A

This is the only retrovirus that has been demonstrated to cause cancer in humans.

59
Q

HPV 16, 18(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.212

A

HPV strains which has been implicated in the genesis of cervical and anorectal cancer.

60
Q

E. none of the above(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.212

A

EBV has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the following cancers except:

A. Burkitt lymphoma

B. Lymphoma in HIV patients

C. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

D. Hodgkin lymphoma

E. None of the above

61
Q

HBV, HCV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.213

A

Which hepatitis virus leads to hepatocellular carcinoma?

62
Q

Helicobacter pylori(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.213

A

This is the first bacterium to be classified as a carcinogen.

63
Q

Gastric adenocarcinoma Gastric MALT lymphomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.214

A

What type of cancer can be caused by H.pylori?

64
Q

Papillomas(TOPNOTCH)

A

These are benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds.

65
Q

CD8+ T lymphocytes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.215

A

Tumor antigens are presented on the cell surface by MHC Class I molecules to which type of T lymphocytes?

66
Q

Metastasis (TOPNOTCH)

A

Single most important defining characteristic of malignancy

67
Q

Choristoma (TOPNOTCH)

A

A biopsy of the stomach reveals an area of normal appearing pancreatic tissue. This is an example of what type of lesion?

68
Q

Adrenals and brain (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 274

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma tends to metastasize where?

69
Q

Prostate cancer (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 276

A

The most frequent form of cancer in males

70
Q

Breast cancer (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 276

A

The most frequent form of cancer in females

71
Q

Lung cancer (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 276

A

The most common cause of death due to cancer in both men and women is:

72
Q

E6 and E7, which neutralizes Rb and p53, respectively (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 203

A

Two viral oncoproteins present in HPV that gives rise to cancers

73
Q

Human papilloma virus (TOPNOTCH)

A

Most important infectious agent associated with cervical carcinoma and head and neck cancers.

74
Q

Squamous carcinoma (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 279

A

Leukoplakia may give rise to what type of carcinoma?

75
Q

Point mutations of RAS family genes(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 286

A

Most common type of abnormality involving proto-oncogenes in human tumors

76
Q

CML, ALL(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 290

A

Activation of ABL nonreceptor tyrosine kinase by chromosomal translocation and creation of BCR-ABL fusion gene is associated with what type of leukemia

77
Q

p53 (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 293

A

“Guardian of the genome”, a tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular senescence, and apoptosis, and the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers

78
Q

APC (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 296

A

“Gatekeeper of colonic neoplasia”; tumor suppressor that function by downregulating growth-promoting signaling pathways.

79
Q

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) syndrome (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 314

A

Autosomal dominant disorder characterized by familial carcinomas of the colon predominantly cecum and proximal colon.

80
Q

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) syndrome (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 314

A

Syndrome causing colon cancer resulting from defects in a family of genes encoding a group of proteins that work together to carry out DNA mismatch repair.

81
Q

Disorder of DNA repair/inability to repair pyrimidine dimers(HNPCC) syndrome (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 314

A

The increased incidence of skin cancer following UV light exposure associated with xeroderma pigmentosus is caused by:

82
Q

Burkitt lymphoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 317

A

Pathogenesis of this tumor involves the translocation resulting to overactivity of MYC gene

83
Q

CML(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 317

A

Philadelphia chromosome is characteristic of what type of leukemia

84
Q

HPV (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 329

A

An important cause of benign warts, cervical cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer

85
Q

H. pylori(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 329

A

Implicated in gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma

86
Q

TNF-alpha(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 330

A

Cytokine implicated in cancer cachexia

87
Q

Cushing syndrome(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 330

A

The most common endocrinopathy ; usually seen in small-cell lung carcinoma

88
Q

Hypercalcemia(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 330

A

The most common paraneoplastic syndrome related to cancer; seen in patients with squamous cell carcinoma

89
Q

PTHRP(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 330

A

The most important humoral factor associated with paraneoplastic hypercalcemia of malignancy.

90
Q

Calcitonin(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337

A

Tumor marker:Medullary carcinoma of thyroid

91
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337

A

Tumor marker:Trophoblastic tumors

92
Q

Alpha fetoprotein(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337

A

Tumor marker: liver cell cancer, and nonseminomatous germ cell tumor

93
Q

PSA and prostatic acid phosphatase (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p.337

A

Tumor markers: prostate cancer

94
Q

Catecholamine(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337

A

Tumor marker: pheochromocytoma

95
Q

CA-125(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337

A

Tumor marker: ovarian cancer

96
Q

Dysplasia (TOPNOTCH)

A

Cervical biopsy of a 35 y/o female with cervical erosion shows squamous epithelium that exhibit atypia, pleomorphism, disorderly spatial arrangement. This adaptive response is:

97
Q

Point mutations (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 286

A

RAS oncogene qualitatively chages function of proto-oncogene through which form of mutation?

98
Q

Asbestos(TOPNOTCH)

A

Chemical carcinogen implicated in the causation of mesothelioma

99
Q

frozen section (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed, p 220

A

A 56 year old woman with a breast mass has a preoperative diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma by core needle biopsy, with no palpable axillary lymph nodes. She undergoes surgery where her breast mass is injected with a blue dye, and the first axillary node that takes up the dye is submitted to pathology. Which method is next done on the node if the surgeon wants to know within minutes if there is metastasis? (A) fine needle aspiration (B) frozen section (C) immunohistochemistry (D) flow cytometry

100
Q

Immunohistochemistry (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed pp220-221

A

A 25 year old male with an intranasal mass undergoes a tissue biopsy that shows malignant round cells. The pathologist needs to know if it is an undifferentiated carcinoma or a lymphoma. What can be done to differentiate? (A) Frozen section (B) Immunohistochemistry (C) Flow cytometry (D) serologic tumor markers

101
Q

aspiration and flow cytometry (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p 221

A

A 12 year old female presents with pallor and gum bleeding. A complete blood count with peripheral smear shows numerous blasts. What is needed to be done on her bone marrow for a more precise diagnosis? (A) frozen section (B) papanicolau smear (C) aspiration and flow cytometry (D) serologic tumor markers

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