XI. Authoritarian Challenges to the International State System Flashcards
Ramsey MacDonald
Leader of Labour government during the Great Depression, though the government was soon overwhelmed by the crisis. Labour Party split and MacDonald won victory as a National government.
Smoot-Hawley
1930 tariff to protect American businesses and farmers, adding considerable strain to the international economic climate of the Great Depression. Smoot-Hawley contributed to the early loss of confidence on Wall Street and signaled U.S. isolationism. By raising the average tariff by some 20 percent, it also prompted retaliation from foreign governments, and many overseas banks began to fail. Within two years some two dozen countries adopted similar “beggar-thy-neighbour” duties, making worse an already beleaguered world economy and reducing global trade.
Oswald Mosely
Leader of the British Union of Fascists from 1932-1940
Ottawa Conference
1932 conference between Britain and her colonies and dominions, wherein the failure of the gold standard was admitted, imperial trading preference was established, and Keynesian ideas were adopted.
Stavisky Affair
French financial scandal 1933 wherein the bonds of a credit organisation proved worthless. Stavinsky killed himself, but the right believed he had been killed to hush up government involved. A crisis of the Third Republic.
Action Francaise
influential right-wing antirepublican group in France during the first 40 years of the 20th century. formulated the doctrine of integral nationalism, which sought a restoration of the monarchy because this was considered the only institution capable of unifying strife-torn French society. Action Française was widely supported by Roman Catholics, small businessmen, and professional men.
Bruening
conservative German statesman who was chancellor and foreign minister shortly before Adolf Hitler came to power (1930–32). Unable to solve his country’s economic problems, he hastened the drift toward rightist dictatorship by ignoring the Reichstag and governing by presidential decree.
von Papen
1932 Chancellor of Germany
It was largely Papen, believing that Hitler could be controlled once he was in the government, who persuaded Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor in a cabinet not under Nazi Party domination. However, Papen and his allies were quickly marginalized by Hitler and he left the government after the Night of the Long Knives, during which some of his confidantes were killed by the Nazis
Enabling Act
Enabling Act, law passed by the German Reichstag (Diet) in 1933 that enabled Adolf Hitler to assume dictatorial powers. Deputies from the Nazi Party, the German National People’s Party, and the Centre Party voted in favour of the act, which “enabled” Hitler’s government to issue decrees independently of the Reichstag and the presidency. It gave Hitler a base from which to carry out the first steps of his National Socialist revolution.
Manchukuo
Puppet state in China created by Japan in 1932, used as a base for Japanese expansion into Asia
Dollfuss
Austrian Christian Socialist, 1932 Chancellor, 1933 he shut down Parliament, banned the Nazi Party and assumed dictatorial powers. He suppressed the Socialist movement and was assassinated in 1934 in a failed coup by Nazi agents
Stresa Front
Stresa Front, coalition of France, Britain, and Italy formed in April 1935 at Stresa, Italy, to oppose Adolf Hitler’s announced intention to rearm Germany, which violated terms of the Treaty of Versailles. When Italy invaded Ethiopia later that year, France and Britain tried to reconcile the action with the need to remain united against Germany, but the coalition soon dissolved.
Hoare-Laval pact
Hoare-Laval Pact, (1935) secret plan to offer Benito Mussolini most of Ethiopia (then called Abyssinia) in return for a truce in the Italo-Ethiopian War. It was put together by British foreign secretary Sir Samuel Hoare and French premier Pierre Laval, who tried and failed to achieve a rapprochement between France and Italy. When news of the plan leaked out, it drew immediate and widespread denunciation.
