V. The State and Society: Integration and Challenge Flashcards
Great Trek
Great Trek, Afrikaans Groot Trek, the emigration of some 12,000 to 14,000 Boers from Cape Colony in South Africa between 1835 and the early 1840s, in rebellion against the policies of the British government and in search of fresh pasturelands. The Great Trek is regarded by Afrikaners as a central event of their 19th-century history and the origin of their nationhood. It enabled them to outflank the Xhosa peoples who were blocking their eastward expansion, and to carry white settlement north to the Limpopo River.
Juarez
national hero of Mexico, president of Mexico (1861–72), who, for three years (1864–67), fought against foreign occupation under the emperor Maximilian and who sought constitutional reforms to create a democratic federal republic.
Indian mutiny
The widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in 1857-58. Began as a mutiny of EIC’s sepoy and spread. Also known as India’s First War of Independence. It led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1888, and led to the British reorganising the army, the financial system, and the administration in India. Thereafter the country was directly governed by the crown of the new British Raj.
Opium wars
Foreigners were importing Opium into China for huge profit. Chinese government in Peking saw this as dragging down the Chinese by encouraging opium addiction. In 1839 they confiscated and burned opium imports, leading to a war between Britain and China, which China lost. It was not just about trade; also acting out deep cultural conflicts between east and west. China lost a subsequent war. It led to the development of “most favoured nation” status, wherein it effectively lost the right to rule in its own territory, leading to the humiliation of the Middle Kingdom.
Meiji restoration
Meiji Restoration, in Japanese history, the political revolution that brought about the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under the emperor Meiji, beginning an era of major political, economic, and social change known as the Meiji period (1868–1912). This revolution brought about the modernization and Westernization of Japan.
Hatt-i Humayun
1856 series of reforms by the Turkish government that granted universal national citizenship for all persons within the Sultan’s territories, abolished the civil authority of religious leaders, and guaranteed equality before the law and equal eligibility for public office. But their implementation and enforcement was a failure - the corruption was too deep.
Joseph Chamberlain
radical mayor of Birmingham who introduced ‘the socialism of gas and water’, later MP known for advocating practical social success rather than ideological unity. After the Boer War he realised Britain was militarily vulnerable and diplomatically isolated in Europe, so pushed for greater connections with her self-governing colonies. Wanted to draw them into a common market to add to GB’s international security so that it was not left isolated by the U.S. and Germany.
Franco-Italian tariff war
Crispi’s new tariff in 1887 after pressure from northern industrialists and farmers led to a tariff war between Italy and France. France had been Italy’s largest trading partner. By the time it ended in 1898, French-Italian trade had more than halved and large sectors of the Italian economy (wine, silk, olive oil, cattle) had collapsed overnight after losing their markets. It helped to drag down the Italian banking system and drove down all agricultural prices due to oversupply.
Bakunin
Mikhail Bakunin, a Russian aristocrat, who advocated anarchism, which sought to destroy all state organisations and break down national communities into local groups and municipalities. Looked for salvation in the poor peasantry and town workers. The creator of peasant anarchism in southern and Eastern Europe.
Second International
1899, based on membership of national parties and trade unions - meant to be the ultimate moral authority of democratic socialist parties. It held numerous congresses in which they advocated for parliamentary democracy and expelled the anarchists. They rejected co-operation with non-socialist parties and reaffirmed Marxist doctrine. Mainly concerned with preventing the outbreak of war in Europe. Couldn’t overcome the divide between socialism and nationalism, and ultimately collapsed during the First World War.
Fabian Society
English socialist society founded in 1883-4 in London, which argued for the ‘inevitability of gradualness’ and against violent or revolutionary measures. [Evolutionary socialism]. Laid the foundation for the Labour Party.
Gotha Programme
A party platform adopted by the SPD in 1875. Called for universal suffrage, freedom of association, limits on the working day, and for other laws protecting the rights and health of workers. Explicitly socialist: to bring about a free state and a socialistic society. The Gotha programme presented a moderate, evolutionary way to socialism, as opposed to the revolutionary approach of the “orthodox” Marxists. As result, the latter accused the Gotha program of being “revisionist” and ineffective.
Sorel
French socialist and revolutionary syndicalist who created a theory on the positive role of myth and violence in historical process. He inspired both Marxists and Fascists with his defence of violence, which he characterised as the revolutionary denial of the existing social order.
Kulturkampf
1871-87 - the struggle to subject the Roman Catholic Church in Germany to state control following the declaration of Papal Infalliability. Bismarck sought to stop priests voicing political opinions in the pulpit and also began state inspections of church school. It assured state control over education and public life but also alienated a generation of Roman Catholics from German life.
